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Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures: CE 498 - Design Project September 26, 2006
Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures: CE 498 - Design Project September 26, 2006
CONCRETE STRUCTURES
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
ADDITIONAL CRITERIA
INTRODUCTION
Why concrete?
Concrete is particularly suited for this application
chemicals
Economical but requires significant quality control
No prestressed tanks
INTRODUCTION
How should we calculate loads?
Design loads determined from the depth and unit
small
Impact and dynamical loads from some equipments
used
This is not as economical and dependable as the approach
of mix design, stress & crack control, and adequate
reinforcem.
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
How to design the concrete mix?
The concrete mix can be designed to have low
permeability.
How to reduce cracking?
Cracking can be minimized by proper design,
prevent corrosion
Add good quality fly-ash or pozzolans
LOADING CONDITIONS
DESIGN METHOD
WALL THICKNESS
REINFORCEMENT
CRACK CONTROL
INTRODUCTION
Conventionally reinforced circular concrete tanks
have been used extensively. They will be the focus
of our lecture today
Structural design must focus on both the strength
and serviceability. The tank must withstand applied
loads without cracks that would permit leakage.
This is achieved by:
Providing proper reinforcement and distribution
Proper spacing and detailing of construction joints
Use of quality concrete placed using proper
construction procedures
A thorough review of the latest report by ACI 350 is
important for understanding the design of tanks.
LOADING CONDITIONS
The tank must be designed to withstand the loads
that it will be subjected to during many years of
use. Additionally, the loads during construction
must also be considered.
Loading conditions for partially buried tank.
The tank must be designed and detailed to withstand
the forces from each of these loading conditions
LOADING CONDITIONS
The tank may also be subjected to uplift forces from
hydrostatic pressure at the bottom when empty.
It is important to consider all possible loading
conditions on the structure.
Full effects of the soil loads and water pressure
must be designed for without using them to
minimize the effects of each other.
The effects of water table must be considered for
the design loading conditions.
DESIGN METHODS
Two approaches exist for the design of RC members
Strength design, and allowable stress design.
Strength design is the most commonly adopted
procedure for conventional buildings
The use of strength design was considered
inappropriate due to the lack of reliable assessment
of crack widths at service loads.
Advances in this area of knowledge in the last two
decades has led to the acceptance of strength design
methods
The recommendations for strength design suggest
inflated load factors to control service load crack
widths in the range of 0.004 0.008 in.
Design Methods
Service state analyses of RC structures should
include computations of crack widths and their long
term effects on the structure durability and
functional performance.
The current approach for RC design include
computations done by a modified form of elastic
analysis for composite reinforced steel/concrete
systems.
The effects of creep, shrinkage, volume changes, and
temperature are well known at service level
The computed stresses serve as the indices of
performance of the structure.
DESIGN METHODS
The load combinations to determine the required
strength (U) are given in ACI 318. ACI 350 requires two
modifications
Modification 1 the load factor for lateral liquid pressure
is taken as 1.7 rather than 1.4. This may be over
conservative due to the fact that tanks are filled to the
top only during leak testing or accidental overflow
Modification 2 The members must be designed to meet
the required strength. The ACI required strength U must
be increased by multiplying with a sanitary coefficient
The increased design loads provide more conservative
design with less cracking.
Required strength = Sanitary coefficient X U
Where, sanitary coefficient = 1.3 for flexure, 1.65 for direct
tension, and 1.3 for shear beyond the capacity provided by
the concrete.
WALL THICKNESS
The walls of circular tanks are subjected to ring or
hoop tension due to the internal pressure and
restraint to concrete shrinkage.
Any significant cracking in the tank is unacceptable.
The tensile stress in the concrete (due to ring tension
from pressure and shrinkage) has to kept at a
minimum to prevent excessive cracking.
The concrete tension strength will be assumed 10%
fc in this document.
RC walls 10 ft. or higher shall have a minimum
thickness of 12 in.
The concrete wall thickness will be calculated as
follows:
WALL THICKNESS
Effects of shrinkage
Figure 2(a) shows a block of concrete
with a re-bar. The block height is 1 ft,
t corresponds to the wall thickness,
the steel area is As, and the steel
percentage is