Programming

Fundamentals
Lecture # 1
books+make groups
Problem Solving
Problem?...obstacle, difficultyneeds to be solved
P.solving is process of finding a best solution for it.
P.solving is a skill that can be developed
we solve different problems every day..easy and difficult(more
time and attention)
different strategies, techniques and tools are used to solve a
problem
computers are used as tools to solve complex problems by
developing programs
program contain diffrent instructions for computer
Programmer writes instructions and computer executes theses to
solve prob..
A good problem solver can be a good programmer
Program
Set of instructions that tells a computer what to do is called a

program

Computer works according to given instructions in the program

Computer programs are written in programming languages

A person who develops a program is called a programmer

Programmer uses programming languages or tools to write a

program
Algorithms and pseudocode
An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure to solve a problem
algorithm makes problem simpler and easier
It is better to write an algorithm before writing an actual
computer program
properties
given problem should be broken down into simple+meaningful steps
Steps should be numbered sequentially
Steps should be descriptive and written in simple english
Pseudo code
algorithms are written in a language that is similar to simple english
called psuedo code
Examples of algorithms.
Programming Languages
A set of words, symbols and codes used to write programs is

called program language

different programming languages are used for different programs

Types

Low-Level Languages

High-Level Languages
Low-Level Languages
Near to computer hardware and far from human languages

Computer can understand these languages easily

Writing programs in low level languages requires a deep

knowledge of hardware
Types

Machine Languages

Assembly Language
Machine Language
Instructions are written in binary form

Only language which is directly understood by the computer

Machine language is difficult to understand

Writing and modifying program takes a lot of time

First generation language

Assembly Language
One step higher than machine language

symbols are used instead of binary code.Mnemonics(sub for

subtrctn)

Mostly used for writing system software

Second generation language

High Level Languages
Close to human languages
Easy to understand,write, modify
Instructions are like english words input, output
Categories
Procedural languages
Object oriented languages
Non-procedural language
Procedural languages
3GL
FORTRAN

BASIC

COBOL

PASCAL

C
Object Oriented Languages

C++
Summary