Thermal Power Plants in South

East Europe
March 2017
Skopje

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 Introduction
The region of Southeast Europe (SEE) has
been passing through very intensive political
and economical changes in the last 15 years.
Transition from state controlled economy
to market conditions has been
accelerated recently. One aspect of the
transition is establishment of common
electricity market, named South East
Europe Energy Community, encouraged by
European Commission, USAID, World Bank
and other political and financial
organizations. Recognizing that energy and
electricity are critical to economic growth of
the Region, nine countries (Croatia, Bosnia
and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro,
Macedonia, Albania, Romania, Bulgaria and
UNMIK on behalf of Kosovo) agreed to work
on common energy market including
electricity market.

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 South East Europe Power System
Power systems in the region were designed and constructed in different
political, economical and technical circumstances. Bulgarian and Romanian
system were relied on ex USSR, while Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian,
Macedonian, Montenegrin and UNMIK system were designed within ex
Yugoslavia. Albanian system was developed independently of others.
Power systems in the region were operated in two electrically separated
zones for last 15 years due to war destructions. Croatia and part of Bosnia
and Herzegovina were working synchronously with UCTE while other part of
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro, FYROM, Albania, Romania,
Bulgaria and Greece were working synchronously isolated from UCTE.
Re-connection of two UCTE zones was performed in October 2004 after SS
Ernestinovo and SS Mostar reconstruction/reparation, so technical
prerequisites for market competition were achieved. Transmission network in
the region (including Greece) operates under 750 kV, 400 kV, 220 kV, 150
kV and 110 kV voltage levels. 400 kV and 220 kV networks are well meshed
due to many interconnection lines. There are two 750 kV, twenty one 400 kV
and sixteen 220 kV interconnection lines in the region today.

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 South East Europe Power System
Different production facilities exist in the region (thermal, nuclear, hydro).
Some countries produces electricity mostly from hydro sources (Albania,
Montenegro), some produces electricity mostly from thermal units (Romania,
Bulgaria, Serbia, Macedonia), while generation mix is quite equaled (hydro
versus thermal) in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Other electricity
sources, including renewables, havent been developed yet, excluding
significant amount of small hydro power plants in Romania. Some countries
are dominantly electricity importers (Albania, Montenegro, Macedonia,
Serbia, Croatia, UNMIK) while other countries are exporters (Bulgaria,
Romania, Bosnia and Herzegovina).
The region as a whole is dominantly electricity importer. Different trading
and production companies perform market transactions in the region,
Vattenfall, Entrade, Atel, Eft, among others. Electricity production price is
generally lower than in Western Europe countries, mainly due to strong state
price regulation inherited from socialism age. Annual electricity consumption
ranges between 5.5 TWh in Albania to 50 TWh in Romania. Peak loads occur
during cold winter months and range between 1250 MW (Albania) and 7500
MW (Romania). Predicted regional peak load in 2010 is around 30 GW.

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 Power Plants in Albania
Albanian transmission network is the least developed network in the region. There is only one
400 kV line (interconnection to Greece), 220 kV network is meshed only in middle and
northern part, and 110 kV lines are mostly radial. Two 220 kV interconnections with
Montenegro and Kosovo are in operation. Albania, as dominantly hydro production country
(97 % of electricity was produced in HPP in 2001) imports electricity and sometimes
reduces consumption when hydrological conditions are unfavorable. Albanian power supply
company KESH plans to develop 400 kV network across the country in mid-term period and
construct new 400 kV interconnections to Montenegro and Kosovo.
Albania is almost totally dependent on hydropower for electricity generation; nearly 100 per cent of
the countrys domestically produced electricity comes from hydropower.
Albania has a large hydro power potential, estimated at 3200 MW (corresponding to an hydropower
production of 17 TWh, about 3 times the present level). The country disposes of a significant potential
of other renewable sources, that is 13 TWh/year of biomass power generation, 11 TWh/year of wind
generation and 33 MW of solar power.
Hydropower plants dominate the power generation sector of Albania with a total generation installed
capacity of 1,527 MW (2016) out of which 1,444 MW is hydro based. Three of the main hydro plants
are Komani, Fierza and Vau i Dejes MW with respective capacities of 600 MW, 500 MW and 250.
Small hydro power plants in operation with a total installed capacities around 25 MW.
Albania was once a net exporter of electricity, but it has recently been forced to import power due to
rising demand and a stagnation of new capacity installations since the transition from a centrally
planned economy to an open market in the late 1980s.
TEC Flora With a capacity of 97 MW, was constructed in 2011. Its construction came as a result of the
countrys need to increase the power generation sources, especially the thermoelectric ones, in order
to increase the independence from the generation of electricity through hydropower plants.

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 Power Plants in Albania
The project TPP Vlora was funded by the Albanian Power Corporation
(KESH sh.a.), the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction
and Development (EBRD), and the European Investment Bank (EIB).
The total value of the project was Euro 130 million.
Currently, the civil works and equipment installation are already
completed and the TPP is in conservation conditions by the employees
of (TEC Sh.a Vlor). Due to a defect on January 2012 in the water
pipeline system for the turbine cooling, the thermoelectric plant in not
in operation. KESH Sh.a. is applying a plan of measures to put it on
operation. One of the main points is the selection of the consulting
company that will analyze the causes of this defect and design the new
pipeline project to bring water from the sea, which will serve to cool the
turbine.
To cover its needs, Albania is interconnected with Greece, Montenegro
Unit Guaranteed Maximum
and Kosovo and imports
value
electricity
achieved
fromAbsolute Relative
these countries.
Deviation Deviation in
Guarantee

value %
Performance of Vlora TPP
Net power
output
kW 97170 101374,6 +64204,6 +4,32 Yes

Net
thermoelectric kJ/kWh 7490 7084,4 -405,6 -5,41 Yes
energy
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 Power Plants in Macedonia
Basic natural resources to produce electricity available in Macedonia are coal with a low energy value
(lignite) and hydro potential. However, only a limited amount of that potential is used; the number of
sites on which power plants could be installed is estimated at over 400. Therefore, the theoretical
hydroelectric resources (8.863 TWh) are significantly higher than the production (about 1,2 TWh).
Thermal power plants produce more than 75% of the electricity consumed. The country's most
important complex is that of Bitola, which has 3 units of 225 MW (3 TWh in 2015, which corresponds
to 76% of the thermal electricity). The complex of Oslomej-Kicevo, which has a unit of 125 MW.
The TE-TO Skopje a CCPP (Combined Cycle Power Plant)started with a commercial operation in
February 2012, with basic products electricity and heat. Heat extraction from the Power Plant,
generated during the CCPP production process, is delivered directly to the Skopje district heating
system. Average capacity of the power plant is 227 MW/h for electricity generation and up to 160
MW/h for heat production.
The COGEL SEVER is a power plant which consist 10 gas motors working in combined cycle, with
electrical capacity of 30 MW and thermal capacity for district heating of 12 MW and steam production
of 20 t/h, using natural gas as fuel. The power plant started with commercial operation in 2012.
The oil power plant of Negotino (210 MW) is used as a backup power production plant.
In 2016 the countries hydropower capacity is about 600 MW. Now the most important hydropower
plants will be listed:
Vrutok (150 MW),
Tikves (116 MW),
Splije (84 MW) and
Kozjak (88 MW).

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 Power Plants in Macedonia
The generation of hydroelectric power has fluctuated over the years according to the rainy
season. Hydropower generation plants account for 22% of production (2014) and to 30% in
2015.
JSC Macedonian Power Plants (ELEM) installed (2014) 16 x 2,3 MW wind turbines in order to
achieve a total nominal capacity of 36,8 MW, which is expected to generate a total of 89.500
MWh per year. The height of the column is 84 meters and the diameter of the propeller is 93
meters.
Macedonia is at the Centre of South Eastern Europe's electricity network. MEPSO, the
transmission system operator, operates about 2.100 km of transmission lines (400, 150 and
110 kV voltage level) and more than 100 power transformers with an installed capacity over
6.000 (MVA) installed in 53 sub-stations.
Status of Power
Name Type Total Capacity Configuration Efficiency
plants
TPP Bitola Electricity generation
Sub-critical Thermal Coal from675
Thermal Power Plants in Republic
3+3+3 of Macedonia
31,5 % Operating fully
Power Plant

TPP Oslomej Sub-critical Thermal Coal 125 1+1+1

32 % Operating partially
Power Plant

TPP Negotino Sub-critical Thermal 210 1+1+1

33 % Not operating
Heavy Fuel Oil Power Plant

CCPP TE-TO AD Combine Cycle Power 227 1+1+1 50 % (80 % District

Operating fully
Skopje Plant heating mode)

Kogel Sever Gas Engine 30,14 10 gas engines 43 % (80,5 % Heat

Operating fully
production)

ELEM Sub-critical Thermal Gas 25 3+2+2

32 % Operating fully
Energetika Power Plant

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 Power Plants in Montenegro
According to official data, Montenegro disposes of significant coal reserves and resources of renewable
energy sources while the possible oil and gas reserves are still in the exploration phase. After hydropower,
coal is the second most important source of energy in Montenegro.
There are two separate geographical areas for coal production in the north and northeastern part of
Montenegro, (i) Pljevlja area, and (ii) Berane area.
(i) The Pljevlja area includes three basins:
the Pljevlja Basin,
the Ljuce-Sumanski Basin and
the Maoce Basin, and has a high degree of exploration.
Total reserves amount to around 188,4 million tons, of which 109,9 million tons in Maoce Basin, 76,8 million
tons in Pljevlja basin and 1,7 million tons in Ljuce-Sumanski Basin.
(ii) The Berane area (basins: Polica, Petnjik and Zagorje) is marginally explored.
Geological reserves of brown coal amount to158 million tons, mineable reserves in 2008 are estimated to
max 17,8 million tons.
Total installed active power in power plants are 874 MW (without small PP), where 649 MW are from hydro
power plants and 225 MW from thermal power plant.
There is only one thermal power plant TPP Pljevlja with one unit and installed capacity of 225 MW and
realized power energy production in 2015 from 1412 GWh. Currently status of the power plant is operational
and its operated by Elektropriveda Crne Gore AD Niksic (EPCG).
Montenegrin state-controlled power utility EPCG is ready to start the construction of a second unit at thermal
power plant (TPP) Pljevlja with additional 254 MW capacity at a cost of 324,5 million Euro.
Status of Power
Name Type Total Capacity Configuration Efficiency
plants
TPP Plevlja Sub-critical Thermal Coal 225
1+1+1 31,5 % Operating fully
Power Plant

TPP Plevlja II Super-critical Thermal 254

1+1+1 40 % Planned
9 Coal Power Plant

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 Power Plants in Croatia
The installed electricity generating capacities in the Republic of
Croatia include hydro and thermal power plants, mostly owned by
the HEP Group, a certain number of industrial power plants and
growing number of privately owned renewably energy sources power
plants.
Electricity generation capacities within the HEP Group consist of 16
locations with hydro power plants, 7 locations with thermal power
plants and one half of the installed capacities of the nuclear power
plant Krko (located in the territory of Slovenia). Thermal power
plants are gas-fired, coal-fired and fuel oil-fired. The majority owner
over the generation capacities in the Republic of Croatia is HEP d.d.
The facilities that are not fully owned by HEP d.d. are the following:
NE Krko d.o.o. (Nuclear power plant Krko Ltd.) under the joint ownership of the
HEP d.d. (50%) and the Slovenian company ELES GEN d.o.o. (50%)
TE Plomin d.o.o. (Thermal power plant Plomin Ltd.) under the joint ownership of the
HEP d.d. (50%) and the German company RWE Power (50%). HEP Proizvodnja d.o.o.
(HEP Generation Ltd.) won a management and operation and maintenance contract
for the thermal power plant Plomin.

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 Power Plants in Croatia
Total available capacities of all HEPs power plants in the Republic of
Croatia amount to 3 857,7 MW (including TPP Plomin and excluding NPP
Krko) i.e., total capacities serving the needs of the Croatian electric
power system amount to 4205,7 MW (with 50% of Krko capacities). Out
of this amount, 1 671 MW is placed in thermal power plants (including
TPP Plomin and excluding NPP Krko), 2 186,7 MW in hydro power plants
and 348 MW in the nuclear unit Krko (50% of total available capacity).
These capacities do not include generating units in other countries from
which the Croatian electric power system has the right to withdraw
electricity on the basis of capacity lease and share-ownership
arrangements. The capacities in other countries are the following:
Thermal power plant Gacko (Bosnia and Herzegovina) total installed
capacity of 300 MW, coal-fired. Legal basis shared ownership (1/3 of
capacity and power for a 25 year period).
Thermal power plant Obrenovac (in the Republic of Serbia) installed
capacity 305 MW, coal-fired. Legal basis capacity and power lease
on the basis of a credit for construction.
Electricity production from hydro sources has decreased while the
thermal generation has risen, except in 2009 when hydropower was the
11 main electricity source. Around 75% of electricity consumption in 2013 is
covered from domestic sources, while the rest is imported. 3/20/17
 Power Plants in Croatia
List of Thermal Power Plants in Croatia

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 Power Plants in Slovenia
Slovenia has only few energy resources: sub-bituminous coal and
lignite (341 Mt of lignite in 2015), and hydroelectricity (12 TWh).
The country's installed electricity capacity of 3,4 GW is distributed
as follows: 38% hydro, 24% coal, 21% nuclear power, 8% gas and
8% solar (2015). Solar capacity amounts to 222 MW but only 36
MW were installed in the years 2012 to 2015.
Fossil fuels accounted for around 65% of the Slovenias total
primary energy supply (TPES) in 2013. Oil made up the largest
share (35 %), followed by coal (20%) and natural gas (10 %).
Nuclear energy accounted for about a fifth of TPES, while
renewable energy and waste accounted for the remaining 17%
(hydropower alone accounted for 6 %). In 2013, nuclear
energy and coal were the primary source of electricity
generation (each accounted for 31% of electricity generation),
followed by hydropower (30 %). Small amounts of electricity in
2013 were produced from solar and wind renewable sources (1 %).

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 Thermal Power Plants in Slovenia
Termoelektrarna otanj d.o.o. (TE) is the largest thermal production facility in the
Holding Slovenske Elektrarne Group. Its average annual electricity production in the
period from 2004 to 2015 amounted to 3,647 GWh. With this output reflected in an
almost 30% share of electricity production in Slovenia TE represents an important
energy pillar for the reliable supply of electricity to Slovenia.
In 2015 the Company completed the construction of 600 MW replacement Unit 6, which
is replacing the production and services of TE's existing coal units, and consuming up
to 1/3 less coal.
The Trbovlje Power Station (Slovene: Termoelektrarna Trbovlje) is a lignite-fired
power station on the bank of the Sava River near Trbovlje, Slovenia. The plant is
operated by Termoelektrarna Trbovlje d.o.o. The original power station was built in 1915.
The new power station was built in 19641968 and it became operational in 1966. It
consist of two units. The first unit is a 125 MW steam unit. The second unit is a 63 MW
gas unit which includes two gas generators. It is used as a reserve unit for the Slovenia
electric system. The Trbovlje Chimney (Trboveljski dimnik) of the power station, built in
1976, is the tallest flue-gas stack in Europe. The 360-metre (1,180 ft) high flue-gas stack
was poured in 210 days, and required 11,866 cubic metres (419,000 cu ft) of concrete
and 1,079 tons of reinforcing steel. A high chimney was required for the site to ensure
that emissions were removed from the deep, narrow valley under all weather conditions.
In November 2014 it was announced that the power station is to be sent into liquidation.
Ljubljana (TE-TOL) Coal CHPP Slovenia is jointly owned by the Slovenian
government (64.57%) and the City of Ljubljana (35.43%). Coal burn is about 500,000
tpy with average output of 390,000 MWh of electricity and 140,000 tpy of process
14 steam, about 90% of the city's district heating requirement. The plant has been
extensively modernized with baghouses added on Units 1&2, boiler modifications on all
3/20/17
three units to reduce emissions and improve efficiency, addition of a heat-storage tank,
 Power Plants in Kosovo
Electricity system of Kosovo is among the smallest within the Kosovo. It consists of two lignite
power plants with 45,9MW of installed capacity. In 2013, the three wind power plants
contributed with 1,35 MW. Domestic power plants produced 5,862 TWh and covered
91.5% of electricity consumption in 2013. The remaining 0,522 TWh was imported from
neighboring countries (Serbia, Montenegro and Macedonia).
Kosovo has a potential of nearly 400 MW in hydropower as well as 50 MW in wind
power and the total potential of renewable energy sources (mostly hydro energy,
biomass and solar energy) is estimated at about 1,7 TWh per year.
98% of electricity generation in Kosovo comes from two old, inefficient and highly polluting
lignite-fired power plants:
Kosovo A (345 MW, 40 year old) in poor condition and is the worst single-point source of
pollution in Europe. Proposed to be shut down.
Kosovo B (540 MW, 27 year old) needs rehabilitation to meet EU environmental standards.
Outages in generation and power shortages hurt households and economy.
Kosovo has launched a comprehensive strategy to meet its energy demand in an
environmentally sustainable manner:
Decommission Kosovo A by 2017 to comply with the Energy Community Treaty to which
Kosovo is a signatory (estimated cost of decommissioning 65 million).
Develop the countrys renewable resources.
Rehabilitate Kosovo B to comply with EU environmental standards.
Private Sector investment in new electricity generation capacity. 600 MW and a new lignite
mine estimated cost 1.4 billion.
Privatize Kosovos electricity distribution.

15 Increase Energy Efficiency

Meet Energy Community requirements regional energy market 3/20/17
 Power Plants in Serbia
Serbia mostly depends on imports of oil and gas, which represents for about 40% of its energy
consumption, despite increased utilization of local resources (large reserves of coal and hydropower).
Oil and gas reserves are symbolical and make less than 1% of the total balance reserves. The rest of
99% reserves depend on various sorts of coal, dominantly low-calorie lignite. Regarding electricity,
domestic production is able to meet the total demand, which grew by 5% in the past five years.
Serbia is net exporter of electricity: imports of electricity in 2013 were 2,152 GWh and exports
were 4,475 GWh. Total electricity consumption in 2013 was 35,007 GWh. The full production capacity
amounts to 7,48 GW, distributed between lignite plants (4,30 GW), oil and gas cogeneration plants
(350 MW) and hydropower plants (2,83 GW). Serbia is also rich in renewable energy sources; their
estimated technically usable potential can have a considerable contribution to a reduced utilization
of fossil fuels and an achievement of defined targets regarding the share of renewable sources
in the final energy consumption (www.enercee.net).
The potential for using renewables includes large untapped potential of hydropower, mainly for
medium and small hydropower plants, for about 4,6 GW, as well as 2,3 TWh/year from wind power, 50
MW from geothermal and 33 MW from solar power. The biomass and agricultural waste have the
greatest potential in Serbia, with an estimated 19 TWh/year.
Full production capacity exceeds 7,1 GW (excluding Kosovo), distributed between lignite plants (4,30
GW), oil and gas cogeneration plants (350 MW) and hydro plants (2,83 GW). In 2014, floods limited
power generation at the Tesla plant, causing thermal generation to fall by 23%. As a result, power
generation fell by 15% despite a 7% rise in hydropower production.
The country has:
6 lignite fired Thermal Power Plants (TPP):
TPP Nikola Tesla A (total 6 units) in Obrenovac (1564 MW)
TPP Nikola Tesla B (total 2 units) in Obrenovac (1240 MW)
TPP Kolubara (total 5 units) in Lazarevac (270 MW)
TPP Morava (1 unit) in Svilajnac (115 MW)
16 PP Kostolac A (total 2 units) in Kostolac (310 MW)
PP Kostolac B (total 2 units) in Kostolac (697 MW) 3/20/17
 Power Plants in Serbia
3 gas and oil Combined Heat Production (CHP) Power Plants:
CHP Novi Sad in Novi Sad (245 MW)
CHP Sremska Mitrovica in Sremska Mitrovica (45 MW)
CHP Zrenjanin in Zrenjanin (100 MW)

and 16 Hydro Power Plants (HPP):
Djerdap 1 (6 units, run-of-river) (1057 MW)
Djerdap 2 (10 units, run-of-river) (243 MW)
Bajina Basta (4 units, run-of-river) (420 MW)
Zvornik (4 units, run-of river) (92 MW)
Potpec (3 units, run-of-river) (51 MW)
Ovcar Banja (2 units, run-of-river) (5.5 MW)
Medjuvrsje (2 units, run-of-river) (7 MW)
Uvac (1 unit, with reservoir) (36 MW)
Kokin Brod (2 units, with reservoir) (22 MW)
Bistrica (2 units, with reservoir) (102 MW)
Pirot (2 units, with reservoir) (80 MW)
Bajina Basta (2 units, Reversible hydro power plant) (2x307 MW)
Vlasina (10 units in 3 HPPs with reservoir and 1 reversible) (129 MW)

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 Power Plants in Bosnia and
Herzegovina
The indigenous energy sources are lignite and hydro. Lignite reserves
are estimated at about 2,3 Gt (2014), and the hydro potential at 70
TWh, 19 TWh of which would be economically exploitable. The country
has an estimated renewables energy potential of 2 GW for wind, 33 MW
for solar and 18 TWh/year for biomass.
Total power production increased to 17.5 TWh in 2013 mainly due to a
soaring hydropower generation (+72%). However, in 2014, hydropower
generaton declined by nearly 18% to 5.9 TWh, leading to a 7.4%
decline in power generation (63% thermal and 37% hydro).
In 2011, lignite production grew by 15% to 12,6 Mt, to supply thermal
power plants, and dropped to 11,7 Mt in 2014 (average rate of change
2012-2014: -2,6%). 90% of coal and lignite consumption are produced
Name Design Capacity Type of Plant Status of the Plant
domestically, 1,4 MtMWe
coal were imported in 2014.
Gacko Coal CHP Power Plant Bosnia Coal Lignite Thermal Power
300 Operational
and Herzegovina Plant

Kakanj CHP Power Plant Bosnia and Coal Lignite Thermal Power
450 Operational
Herzegovina Plant

Tuzla CHP Power Plant Bosnia and Coal Lignite Thermal Power
730 Operational
Herzegovina Plant

Ugljevik CHP Coal Power Plant Bosnia Coal Lignite Thermal Power
300 Operational
and Herzegovina Plant

Coal Lignite Thermal Power

Coal Power Plant EFT Stanari 300 Operational
18 Plant

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 Power Plants in Greece
Around 61% of Greeces energy needs are covered through imports with the
remaining 39% being covered through national energy sources, mainly lignite (77%)
and RES (22%). Imported energy sources are mainly petroleum products that account
for 44% of total energy consumption and natural gas with a share of around 13%.
According to the Greek Electricity Market Operator (LAGIE), the total installed
capacity in the Greek interconnected system at the end of 2015 accounted for almost
18,087 MW, including 4,456 MW lignite, 698 MW oil-fired plants, 5,170 MW natural
gas, 3,173 MW large hydro-power and 4,590 MW RES. The total electricity generation
in the Greek interconnected system for the year 2015 amounted to almost 41.2 TWh.
An additional 9.4 TWh of electricity was imported. Lignite accounted for 49% of
electricity generation in the interconnected system, natural gas for 20.2%, and RES
(including large hydro-power) for 30.5%. According to the Hellenic Electricity
Distribution Network Operator (HEDNO), on the non-interconnected islands (NII), the
diesel-driven generators capacity was 1,753 MW by December 2015, producing a
total of 323 MWh. The renewable energy share in the electricity mix of the NII was
19%, which equals a production of 90,049 MWh and an installed capacity of 453 MW.
During the year 2015, an additional capacity of 121 MW of RES has been installed in
Greece, including 113 MW of wind energy and 8 MW of photovoltaic energy. The total
installed capacity and electricity production from roof-top PV systems under the
Special Program at the end of 2015 amounted to 375 MW and 494 GWh, respectively.

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 Power Plants in Greece
List of Thermal Power Plants in Greece
Name Design Type of Plant Status of the Plant
Capacity MWe
Aghios Dimitrios Coal Power Plant Coal Lignite Thermal Power
1595 Operational
Greece Plant

Aminteo (Amyntaio) Coal Power Plant Coal Lignite Thermal Power

600 Operational
Greece Plant

Coal Lignite Thermal Power

Florina Coal Power Plant Greece 330 Operational
Plant

Coal Lignite Thermal Power

Kardia Coal Power Plant Greece 1250 Operational
Plant

Coal Lignite Thermal Power

Megalopoli Coal Power Plant Greece 850 Operational
Plant

Coal Lignite Thermal Power

Ptolemais Coal Power Plant Greece 550
Plant

Greece have over 10 combined cycle power

plants which operates mostly in
intermediate peak.

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 Power Plants in Bulgaria
The power mix of Bulgaria is mainly made up of lignite (40%). Although Bulgaria
disposes of renewable resources the country introduced disincentive measures
for renewable power generation and removed feed-in tariffs in March 2015.
Bulgaria has a total installed electricity capacity of 13,5 GW in 2014, out of which
3,2 GW are based on hydro-electricity (24%). Wind and solar capacities reached
686 MW and 1020 MW, respectively, in 2014.The capacity for wind as well as for
solar is slowing down since 2012.
Bulgaria is interconnected with Romania, Greece, Serbia, Macedonia and Turkey.
The net export capacities are up to 300 MW to Romania, 600 MW to Greece, 300
MW to Serbia, 200 MW to Macedonia and 550 MW to Turkey (2016). The net
import capacities equal 250 MW from Romania, 400 MW from Greece, 100 MW
from Macedonia and 50 MW from Serbia and 400 from Turkey.
Bulgaria has almost depleted its natural gas field of Galata, in the Black Sea.
Currently, natural gas production lies at 181 mcm in 2014 (a 64% drop compared
to 2013) and accounts for less than 7% of domestic supply. Gas imports come
solely from Russia. Through a 10-year contract, signed by Gazprom (Russia) and
Bulgargaz (Bulgaria),a gas supply of 2,9 bcm/year is secured until 2022.
Coal and lignite are important sources of energy in Bulgaria. Bulgaria is trying to
improve production by using imported coal and by introducing clean combustion
techniques.

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 Power Plants in Bulgaria
Most important market player in Bulgaria is state owned BEH Bulgarian Energy
Holding, which holds largest share of electricity generation biggest thermal power
plant, all large hydro power plants, and the only nuclear power plant in Bulgaria, NPP
Kozloduy. Beside BEH and companies which constructed renewable energy sources (RES)
generation facilities (wind/solar), there are also large privately-owned power plants: TPP
Varna (currently shut-down), TPP AES Galabovo, TPP Maritsa Iztok 3, TPP Bobov Dol,
CHPP Rousse and others.
Thermal generation is dominant, with large number of old power coal/lignite power
plants, several oil/gas fired and nuclear power plant Kozloduy. Large number of units in
existing thermal power plants is out of operation or kept in reserve, due to several
reasons: high pollution, high production cost, and excess of energy. Oil/gas fired power
plants are mostly out of operation due to expensive generation, except some small
heating plants and new privately owned EVN Toplifikatsia. However, generation of these
plants is marginal comparing to conventional TPPs.
Till the end of 2015, several thermal units stopped with operation due to non-complying
to EU environmental standards: unit 4 (110 MW) in TPP Ruse and three units in TPP
Maritsa 3. Starting from 2015, three remaining units in TPP Varna (3x210 MW) were put
out of operation, along with one unit in TPP Bobov Dol. These units provided most of
the cold reserve in the country.
Hydro generation in Bulgaria peaks at around 5.5 TWh annually, but on average stands
at around 3.5 TWh. It is mostly constant during 12 month period.

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 Power Plants in Romania
Energy resources are rather abundant in Romania. The country's hydroelectric potential
is estimated at 70 TWh.
Power sector of Romania is generally characterized with low efficiency in terms of
electricity generation. In theory, power sector in Romania has great balance of
generation - hydro, thermal, nuclear, RES), highly exceeding installed capacity, and
favorable geographic position for primary fuel imports and shipping transport of
imported coal.
Currently, overall *theoretical installed capacity in Romania amounts to over 22,600
MW, of which 6,376 MW (28.1 %) are hydropower plants, 5,718 MW (25.2 %) are coal-
fired thermal power plants, 4,539 MW (20.1 %) are gas-fired thermal power plants,
3,129 MW (14.1 %) are wind farms, 1,413 MW (6.2 %) are nuclear power plants, 1,346
MW (5.8 %) are solar power plants, 103 MW (0.44 %) are biomass power plants and
0.05 MW in geothermal power plants.
Romania's power network is interconnected to Hungary, Serbia, Ukraine, Bulgaria and
Moldova.
In 2014 exports amounted to 10 TWh and 34% were directed to Serbia, 15% to
Hungary, 50% to Bulgaria and 1% to Ukraine. Imports are rather low (1,1 TWh in 2014).
Coal and lignite production has been stable since the economic recovery in 1990
(around 38 Mt). In 2014, coal production fell to 25 Mt. Production is heavily (99%)
reliant on lignite and is used to supply power plants.

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 Power Plants in Romania
*Theoretical significant capacity in gas/coal fired TPP is not operational.
(expensive generation, coal supply problems, environmental issues, cold reserve,
recent shutdowns). The largest thermal power generation facility is the Turceni
Energy Complex. Beside thermal capacities, hydro power is very important energy
source in Romania, with large number of hydro power plants (HPPs), where largest
is Iron Gates. Romanian hydro potential is estimated at some 40 TWh annually, but
around 15 TWh annually is presently realized. Romania also has one nuclear power
plant (NPP), called Cernavoda, which annually generates around 10.5 TWh
(covering up to 20% of entire electricity demand). Electricity production in Romania
in 2015 reached 65.6 TWh, which is 3.7 % more than in 2014. Thermal power
plants increased production by 6.2 % compared to last year and generated 28.2
TWh of electricity. Production in solar and wind power plants increased by almost
50 % and reached 9 TWh. Due to severe drought last year, hydropower plants
produced 16.7 TWh of electricity, which is 12.2 % less than a year before.
Production of Romanias sole nuclear power plant Cernavoda dropped slightly by
0.3 %, reaching 11.64 TWh.
In 2015 Romania exported 10.5 TWh of electricity, which is 28 % more compared to
2014. At the same time, electricity imports rose 3.5 times to 3.77 TWh. Electricity
exports in the first quarter of 2016 amounted to 2.07 TWh, which is by 20.6 %
(0.54 TWh) less compared to the same period last year. At the same time electricity
imports increased by 38.8 % and amounted to 1.2 TWh.

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 Power Plants in Hungary
Hungary's energy resources of coal and lignite show high and
increasing cost of extraction (4,8 Gt of coal and 5,8 Gt of lignite in
2015), hydrocarbons (9 bcm of reserves for gas and 28 mbl of oil
in 2015) also have high costs of exploration and production. The
country also has geothermal resources (installed capacity of 350
MW with 8.000 drillings) with a very high potential compared to
other European countries.
Hungary's installed capacity amounts to about 8,3 GW, with
thermal power accounting for 5,9 GW mainly from gas (2015) and
nuclear power accounting for about 1,9 GW.
The development of renewable capacities is done slowly, however
wind capacity was raised from 295 MW in 2010 to 379 MW in
2015.
The power interconnection of Hungary does exist for 6 countries:
Austria, Slovakia, Romania, Croatia, Serbia and Ukraine. With
Austria the import and export capacity amounts to 300 MW (2016).

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