4.

Statements and Methods

 Objectives

With regards to programming statements and methods, C# offers

what you would come to expect from a modern OOPL

Statements
Methods

Microsoft 2
 Part 1

Statements

Microsoft 3
 Statements in C#

C# supports the standard assortment

Assignment
Subroutine and function call
Conditional
if, switch
Iteration
for, while, do-while
Control Flow
return, break, continue, goto

Microsoft 4
 Examples

x = obj.foo();

if (x > 0 && x < 10)

count++;
else if (x == -1)
...
else {
... while (x > 0)
} {
...

x--;
} for (int k = 0; k < 10; k++)
{
...
}

Microsoft 5
 Other statements

C# contains a couple surprises

data structure iteration via foreach
namespace importing via using

Microsoft 6
 foreach

Specialized foreach loop provided for collections like array

reduces risk of indexing error
provides read only access

int[] data = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
int sum = 0;

foreach foreach (int x in data)

{
sum += x;
}

type value collection

Microsoft 7
 using

using directive allows unqualified access to namespace

a convenience mechanism only
still must ref underlying assembly namespace Workshop
{
public class Customer
{
// before .
.
.
Workshop.Customer c; }
c = new Workshop.Customer("joe hummel", 94652); public class Product
{
.
.
.
// after }
}

using Workshop;

Customer c;
c = new Customer("joe hummel", 94652);

Microsoft 8
 Complete example

using directive(s) specified at top of file namespace Workshop

{
public class Customer
{
.
.
/* main.cs */ .
}
using System; public class Product
using Workshop; {
.
.
public class App .
}
{ }
public static void Main()
{
Customer c;
c = new Customer("joe hummel", 94652);
Console.WriteLine( c.ToString() );
}
}

Microsoft 9
 Part 2

Methods

Microsoft 10
 Types of methods

Classes contain 2 types of methods:

those with no return value (void)
those with a return value (int, string, etc.)

Methods may be:

instance
static
Instance methods require an object to call
Static methods are global and thus require only class name

Microsoft 11
 Example

Array class in FCL

fully-qualified name is System.Array

namespace System
{
public class Array
{
instance method public int GetLength(int dimension)
(absence of static) { ... }

static method public static void Sort(Array a)

(presence of static) { ... }
.
.
.
}
}

Microsoft 12
 Calling methods

Here's an example of calling into the Array class:

/* main.cs */

using System;

public class App

{
public static void Main()
{
int[] data = { 11, 7, 38, 55, 3 };

Array.Sort(data);

for (int i=0; i<data.GetLength(0); i++)

Console.WriteLine(i + ": " + data[i]);
}
}

Microsoft 13
 Other useful static methods
A program to add 2 integers and output the sum:
using System;

public class Calculator

{
public static void Main()
{
string input, output;
int a, b, sum;

Console.Write("Enter first integer: ");

input = Console.ReadLine();
a = Convert.ToInt32(input);

Console.Write("Enter second integer: ");

input = Console.ReadLine();
b = Convert.ToInt32(input);

sum = a + b;
output = String.Format("{0} + {1} = {2}", a, b, sum);
Console.WriteLine(output);
}
}
Microsoft 14
 Parameter passing

C# offers three options:

pass-by-value (default)
pass-by-reference
pass-by-result ("copy-out")

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 Pass-by-value

Pass by value is default parameter passing mechanism

data copied into method
any changes to parameter inside method affect local copy only

value parameter void F(int x)

{
x = 0;
}

int y = 9;

y unchanged F(y);

Microsoft 16
 Pass-by-reference

ref parameter passes data in and out

use keyword ref in definition and call
must use variable in call
must initialize passed variable before call

ref parameter,
void G(ref int x)
initially 9
{
x += 1;
}

int y = 9;

y set to 10 G(ref y);

Microsoft 17
 Pass-by-result ("copy-out")

out parameter returns data through parameter

use keyword out in both definition and call
must use variable in call
must assign to parameter inside method or compiler error

out parameter void H(out int x)

{
assignment required x = 0;
}

int y;

y set to 0 H(out y);

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 Summary

Standard statements, a few non-standard ones

assignment, if, for, while, foreach, using

Two types of methods

instance methods require an object to call
static methods are global and thus require only class name

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 References

Books:
I. Pohl, "C# by Dissection"
S. Lippman, "C# Primer"
J. Mayo, "C# Unleashed"

Microsoft 20
 Lab?

Work on lab #2, "Types, Stmts and Methods"

Microsoft 21