Data Presentation and

Description
By

Dr Asma Hyder
 Learning Objectives
Understand . . .
importance of editing the collected
raw data to detect errors and
omissions
how coding is used to assign number
and other symbols to answers and to
categorize responses
use of content analysis to
interpret and summarize open
questions
 Learning Objectives
Understand . . .
problems and solutions for dont
know responses and handling
missing data
options for data entry and
manipulation
 Editing

Accurate
Accurate Consistent
Consistent

Criteria
Criteria
Arranged
Arranged for
for Uniformly
Uniformly
simplification
simplification entered
entered

Complete
Complete
 Central Editing
Be familiar with instructions
given to interviewers and coders

Do not destroy the original entry

Make all editing entries identifiable and in

standardized form

Initial all answers changed or supplied

Place initials and date of editing

on each instrument completed
16-5
Sample Codebook
Precoding
Coding Open-Ended Questions
 Coding Rules

Appropriate to
Exhaustive the research
problem

Categories
Categories
should
should be
be

Derived from one

Mutually
classification
exclusive
principle
 Dont Know Responses

Question: Do you have a productive

relationship with your present
salesperson?
Years of Purchasing Yes No Dont Know

Less than 1 year 10% 40% 38%

1 3 years 30 30 32

4 years or more 60 30 30
100% 100% 100%
Total n = 650 n = 150 n = 200

16-10
 Missing Data

Deletion

Replacement

16-11
 Presentation and
Description of Data
How you want to present
your data??
 Interpreting data
Adding meaning to information by making
connections and comparisons and
exploring causes and consequences
 Interpretation relevance of
finding
Does the indicator meet the target?
How far from the target is it?
How does it compare (to other time
periods, other facilities)?
Are there any extreme highs and lows in
the data?
Interpretation consider other
data
Use routine service data to clarify questions
Calculate nurse-to-client ratio, review
commodities data against client load, etc.
Use other data sources
Interpretation conduct further
research
Data gap conduct further
research
Methodology depends on questions
being asked and resources available
 Points to remember

Ensure graphic has a title

Label the components of your
graphic
Indicate source of data with date
Provide number of observations
(n=xx) as a reference point
Add footnote if more information
is needed
 Frequencies
A
Unit Sales Cumulative
Increase (%) Frequency Percentage Percentage
5 1 11.1 11.1
6 2 22.2 33.3
7 3 33.3 66.7
8 2 22.2 88.9
9 1 11.1 100
Total 9 100.0

B
Unit Sales Cumulative
Increase (%) Frequency Percentage Percentage
Origin, foreign (1) 6 1 11.1 11.1
7 2 22.2 33.3
8 2 22.2 55.5

Origin, foreign (2) 5 1 11.1 66.6

6 1 11.1 77.7
7 1 11.1 88.8
9 1 11.1 100.0
Total 9 100.0
 Distributions

16-19
 Characteristics of Distributions

16-20
 Measures of
Central Tendency

Mean Median Mode

16-21
Measures of Variability

Variance
Variance

Quartile
Quartile Standard
Standard
deviation
deviation deviation
deviation

Dispersion
Dispersion
Interquart
Interquart Range
ile
ile range
range
 Summarizing
Distributions with Shape

16-23
Population Pyramid: Country
Z, 2008
 Pie chart
Percentage of all confirmed malaria cases treated by qua

N=257
Secondary Axis
 Employment Change in
Occupations and Wages over
Time

1.5
1.5

12
1

1
61

71

.5
.5

34

change_share
change_share

72
81
74
91 32 33
83 24 31
0

0
52 13
73
82 93
51
21 23 22 -.5
-.5

4241

6292 11
-1
-1

2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5
log_meanwage log_meanwage

27
Figure 2: Mean wage with average share as of 1996
Figure 1: occupation change with mean wage
 Schooling Levels and Associated Mean
lnWages, Mean ln Wage Risks and Mean
Disability Risks (Males and Females)

Iliterate Primary Middle

Matric Inter Degree
Higher
Wages

Disability_Risks Wages_Risks 29
Child Mortality in South Asia
 Infant and Child
Mortality Rates (000)
in Selected South Asian
Countries
 Instructions for
Assignment on Data

1. Secondary data
1. Project tile, objectives, group
members
2. Sources of data
3. Present the data in form of charts,
diagrams, maps, tables or summary
 Instructions for
Assignment on Data

2. Survey data
1. Project tile, objectives, group
members
2. Provide questionnaire
3. Pilot survey if conducted
 Instructions for
Assignment on Data

2. Qualitative data
1. Project tile, objectives, group
members
2. Provide list of questions to be
asked from expert, interview or