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Chapter 3 - Flow of Compressible Fluids
Chapter 3 - Flow of Compressible Fluids
COMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS
Velocity of Propagation of a Pressure Wave
Flow in Pipe
PROPAGATION???
VELOCITY OF PROPAGATION OF A
PRESSURE WAVE
When the pressure at some point in a fluid is
changed, the new condition takes a finite time to
be transmitted to some other point.
The time required because the state of each
intervening element of fluid has to be changed.
Thus, the velocity of propagation-a function of
the bulk modulus of elasticity ,
u w A (u w du w ) A
G
d
PROPAGATION OF PRESSURE
WAVE
The net force acting on the fluid between sections A and B is equal to the rate
of change of the momentum of the fluid, or;
PA ( P dP) A Gdu w
G
AdP G d
A
dP G 2
2
d A
dP G uw
Since; (eqn 4.32) and
d A
2
dP u w
u w
d
PROPAGATION OF PRESSURE
WAVE
For an ideal gas, may be calculated from the equation of state.
Under isothermal condition, we know that;
P constant
dP P
d
P
P
and
RT
u w u w P
M
PROPAGATION OF PRESSURE
WAVE
Under isentropic conditions:
where will depend
P constant on the heat transfer to
the surroundings.
dP P
d
P
P
RT
u w u w P
M
FLOW OF COMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS IN PIPE
udu
gdz dP Ws F 0 (equation 2.54)
kinetic Work
energy Friction-
Head loss
Potential
Energy
Internal
Energy
ENERGY BALANCE FOR FLOW OF IDEAL GAS
ENERGY BALANCE FOR
FLOW OF IDEAL GAS
R 2 dl
Ws=0 F 4 2
u (from eqn 3.19)
u d
Thus,
udu R 2 dl
gdz dP 4 2
u 0
u d
This equation cannot be integrated directly because the velocity u
increase as the pressure falls(its a function of L). It is therefore,
convenient to work in term of the mass flow G which remains constant
throughout the L of pipe.
ENERGY BALANCE FOR FLOW OF IDEAL
GAS
udu R 2 dl
gdz dP 4 2
u 0
u d
We know velocity; G
u
A
Hence: 2 2
1 G R G 2 dl
d gdz dP 4 2
0
A u A d
ud Gd 4G
Re (4.52)
A d
ENERGY BALANCE FOR FLOW OF IDEAL
GAS
Since G is constant over the length of the pipe, Re varies only as a
result changes in the viscosity . Although is a function of
temperature and to some extent of pressure, it is not likely to vary
widely over the length of the pipe.
The friction factor (R/u2 ) is only a weak function of Reynold number
when Re is high, and little error will therefore arise from regarding it
as constant.
Thus, integrating Eqn 4.51 over a length, l of pipe:
2 2
G d dP R G dl
4 2
0 (4.51)
A u A d
2 P2 2
G 2 dP R G l
ln 4 2
0 (4.53)
A 1 P1 u A d
The integral will depend on the P-v relationship during the expansion
of the gas in the pipe and several cases are now considered.
ISOTHERMAL FLOW OF AN IDEAL GAS IN
HORIZONTAL PIPE
2 2 2 2
G P1 P2 P1 R G l
ln 4 2
0 (4.55)
A P2 2 P11 u A d
2 2 2 2
G P1 P2 P1 R G l
ln 4
2 0
A P2 2 RT / M u A d
ISOTHERMAL FLOW- MAXIMUM FLOW
CONDITIONS
2 2 2 2
G P1 P2 P1 R G l
ln 4 2
0 (4.55)
A P2 2 P11 u A d
G uw
we know that,
A
u w Pw w
Pw 1
Gw A APw Substitute Pw in Eqn 4.58;
w P11
P1 w 1 Pw 2 P12 R l
ln 4 2
0
Pw Pw Pw w 2 u d
2 2
P1 P1 R l
ln 1 8 2
0 (Eqn 4.62)
Pw Pw u d
2 2
R l 1 1
8 2
- ln - 1 (Eqn 4.63)
u d w c wc
Where Wc= Pw/P1 (the critical value of pressure ratio)
W= P2/P1
ISOTHERMAL FLOW- MAXIMUM FLOW
CONDITIONS
2 2
P1 P1 R l
ln 1 8 2
0 (Eqn 4.62)
Pw Pw u d
2 2
R l 1 1
8 2
- ln - 1 (Eqn 4.63)
u d w c wc
a) The maximum value of the pressure ratio (P1/P2)= (P1/Pw) for which
The whole of the expansion of the gas can take place in the pipe.
b) The minimum value of 8 (R/u2 ) (l/d) for which for any pressure ratio
P1/P2, the fall in gas will take place entirely within the pipe.
EXAMPLE 4.2
Use:
At 295 K, = 0.018 mNs/m2
= 211.5 m3/kg
SOLUTION
EXAMPLE 4.3
A flow of 50 m3/s methane, measured at 288 K and
101.3 kN/m2, has to be delivered along a 0.6 m
diameter line, 3 km long with a relative roughness
of 0.0001, linking a compressor and a processing
unit. The methane is to be discharged at the plant
at 288 K and 170 kNm2 and it leaves the compressor
at 297 K. What pressure must be developed at the
compressor in order to achieve this flowrates.
RECAP
Velocity of propagation of a pressure wave
u w A (u w du w ) A
G
d
By doing net force= fluid momentum
u w
Under ideal gas condition; Under isentropic conditions:
RT RT
u w P u w P
M M
RECAP
Energy balance of an ideal gas
2 P2 2
G 2 dP R G l
ln 4 2
0 (4.53)
A 1 P1 u A d
Isothermal flow
2 2 2 2
G P1 P2 P1 R G l
ln 4
2 0 (4.55)
A P2 2 P11 u A d
NON-ISOTHERMAL FLOW OF AN IDEAL GAS
IN A HORIZONTAL PIPE
Pk = a constant = P1 1k
In general, however, the value of the index k may not be known for an
irreversible adiabatic process. An alternative approach to the problem is
therefore desirable.
In an adiabatic process, dq =0, and the equation may then be written for
the flow in a pipe of constant cross-sectional area A to give:
ADIABATIC FLOW OF AN IDEAL GAS IN A
HORIZONTAL PIPE
ADIABATIC FLOW OF AN IDEAL GAS IN A
HORIZONTAL PIPE
1 K 1 G
2
P
2 A
FLOW OF NON-IDEAL GASES
Methods have been given for the calculation of the pressure drop for the
flow of an incompressible fluid and for a compressible fluid which behaves
as an ideal gas.
If the fluid is compressible and deviations from the ideal gas law are
appreciable, one of the approximate equations of state, such as van der
Waals' equation, may be used to replace ideal gas law equations Pv =
nRT , to give the relation between temperature, pressure and volume.
an 2
P 2 V nb nRT
2
Equation 1
V Equation 2
EXERCISE 1
Air at a pressure of 10 MN/m2 and a temperature
of 290K flows from a reservoir through a mild steel
pipe (e = 0.002) of 10 mm diameter and 30 m long
into a second reservoir at a pressure P2.