SHEL MODEL

Sandy Naufal H. 4215101004

Dhanang Aji 4215101005
Rizal Wahyu H. 4215101006
Dheo Cakra 4215101007
Kitto Ario Basara 4215101008
Faris Mishbahul M 4215101009
Fauzan Hawari 4215101010
Putu Gede Andhika 4215101051
 HUMAN FACTOR

Human factors refer to environmental organizational, job factors,

and human individual characteristics which may influence the
behaviour at work in a way which can affect health and safety.

A simple way to view the human factors is to think about the three
aspects:
1. The Job
2. The Individual
3. The Organization
Based on how they impact peoples health and safety-related
behaviour
 INTERACTION WITHIN HUMAN
FACTOR
Workplace Design;
Facility layout,
workstation
configuration, People
Accessibility
Equipment Design;
Displays, Controls,
Interfaces, ease of use
Work Environment;
Noise, Vibration,
temperature, chemical
exposure
Worksplac
es
Individual Factors;
Knowledge, Expectations, Attention, Goals,
Health, Fatigue, Age, Culture, Strength,
Stress, etc
System Organizational
Management;
Organization of work, Policies,
Management Decisions, etc
Job Design;
Work Schedule, Workload, Task
Manageme Design, Job Requirement, etc
nt Information Transfer;
Communication (written or oral),
instructions, labels, signs, etc
 GENERAL DEFINITION OF SHEL
MODELS
Software Environment
The rules, procedures, The situation in which the
written documents etc., L-H-S system must
which are parts of the SOP function.
( Standard Operating
Procedure)

Hardware Liveware The human

The machine within its beings
control, configuration, The controller with other
displays and functional controllers (crews,
system. engineers, management
administration people)
within in the system.
ICAO SHELL Model us a conceptual framework proposed in ICAO Circular 216-
AN31.
The concept name was being derived from the initial components by Edwards in
 SIMPLIFIED METHOD OF
UNDERSTANDING THE SHELL MODEL
Software: Hardware:
- Procedures - Equipment
- Politics/Rules - Technolog
- Manuals y

Environmental: Liveware
- Physical (Others):
- Organization - Team work
al - Communicati
- Political on
- Economic Liveware (You): - Leadership
- Physical - Norms
- Knowledge
- Goals
 LIVEWARE (YOU & OTHERS)

You are the central Liveware. While the other liveware are
simply other humans, such as your colleagues, customers,
suppliers, or anybody who you interact with at work.

Liveware covers all methods of human interactions, not

only face to face or by cyberspaces (emails).

Well intentioned communication can easily miss the mark,

two different individuals can interpret exactly the same
instructions in a different ways.
 SOFTWARE

Software means the rules, procedure, written

document which are part of the standard operating
procedures.

Being buried under the huge amounts of text makes

it impossible for people to follow procedures
correctly. And it is the beginning which the
procedures goes underground.
 HARDWARE

Hardware is the machinery, within the configuration, controls,

displays and functional systems.
When any machinery related components are engineered
without the correct procedure and treatment, that is when the
problem starts.

The best way to avoid this situation is to get the procedure

and treatment right from the beginning to the end so that the
hardware does the exact process that it should and facilitates
the user operation.
 ENVIRONMENT

Environment includes the natural elements such as the weather or

the sea condition, temperature and visibility or even the man-made
things such as the confined space, noise and lightning.
In some cases, the working environment may be a combination
between the natural and man-made elements.
Many environmental conditions ends with various human factors
issues such as fatigue, stress, lack of attention or even poor
concentration.
These individual elements have negative impacts on the person
doing the job.
Remember to always are of your environment, it is critical to put
things right.
HOW THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN
THE ELEMENTS
 LIVEWARE (YOU) LIVEWARE
(OTHERS)

(This is the interaction between someone and another

people)

This is the interface between people, in this interface, we are

concerned with leadership, co-operation, teamwork and
 LIVEWARE - SOFTWARE

(The interaction between people and software)

Software is the collective term which refers to all the laws, rules,
regulations, standard operating procedures etc. Increasingly,
software also refers to the computer based programmes developed
to operate the automated systems.
The effective operation between the liveware and software is
important to ensure that the software, particularly if it concerns to
 LIVEWARE - HARDWARE

(The interface between people and hardware)

This interaction if the one of most common considered when
speaking about human-machine interaction. For example the design
of seats fit the sitting characters of human body.
Hardware, for example in Port Traffic Control, refers to the physical
features within the controlling environment, especially those
relating to the work station.
 LIVEWARE - ENVIRONMENT

(The interface between people and environment)

Liveware environment interface refers to those interactions which
may be out of the direct control of humans, basically the physical
environment (Temperature, weather, etc.) which within the ship
operation.
Much of human factor development in this area has been concerned
 CASE STUDY

Accident on transportation have a lot of casualties for any parties

involve. From accidents, we can evaluate things that we should
and shouldnt do regarding each of the SHELL Model components.
In this opportunity, we choose the KM Zahro Express which burnt
in the middle of its journey to Pulau Tidung in Jakarta, January 1st
2017.
According to several reports, the accident is caused by a short
circuit connection from the ships generator. BPBD DKI Jakarta
confirms that the passenger listed to board the ship is only 100
people. But in fact, it was loaded until 285 people.
23 people didnt survive the accident while 17 others went
missing. A passenger also confirm that the Port Officer authorize
that one ticket can be occupied by approximately 2 until 3 person.
In fact, her family is 5 person and she only need to buy 2 tickets.
CRONOLOGY
 CHRONOLOGY

The accident occurred in 1st January 2017, when people are going
to spend their holiday in Pulau Tidung but it ended up in disaster.
After sailing for about 1 mile, the ship begin spreading smoke from
the engine room. Some passengers said that they heard 2
explosions from the engine room.
Due to the ships hull is made from fibre, the fire start spreading as
fast as it could. Some passengers jump to the sea in order to save
themselves, but those who didnt could make it.
The weather condition at that moment was fine, the sea condition
was also fine.
 ANALYSIS USING SHELL MODEL

Liveware Liveware
1. There is a miscommunication between the engine room crew
and the captain.
2. Poor coordination between the port officer and the KM Zahro
Express crew.
3. Port officer legalize the illegal passengers which cause the
overweight.
.Liveware Hardware
1. Amount of loads in the ship cause all the machinery components
to work extra hard, and cannot be supported by the stability
data of the ship.
 ANALYSIS USING SHELL MODEL

Liveware Software
1. Neither the port officer or the captain of the ship didnt comply
the maximum capacity regulation for the ship.
.Liveware Environment
1. KM Zahro Express needs extra thrust in order to mobilize the
ship within the sea condition due to the overload passengers.
 SOLUTIONS

Upgrade the port officer competency so that they know well about
the regulation stated for the passenger ship.
Tighten the regulation for maximum passengers on-board.
Dont break the regulation for the maximum passenger authorized.
Immediately run the evacuation process if anything goes wrong.
 CONCLUSION

Shell model is another one of many methods to analyse

accidents with some aspects.
The elements of shell models are : Liveware, Software,
Hardware and Environment.
Liveware is all about mankind.
Sofware is basically about the SOP and documents.
Hardware is about physical feature needed in the operation.
Last but no least, environment is the external factor such as
weather or economical situation.
 REFERENCES

Influence of Human Factors on the Occurrence of Accidents:

Quantification of the influence of SHEL elements and latent
conditions, Fukuoka Koji / Furusho Masao, Kobe University
Repository
Introduction to Human Factors
An Extension of m-SHEL Model for Analysis of Human Factors at
Ship Operation, Hiroko Itoh, National Maritime Research Institute
SHELL Model, HP Respository
 Is there any correlation between S H and S E? (Abby)
If the ship can be automatically control, can this model
implemented in the ship accident? (Bisma)
What the relation between Hardaware and Environment? (Hadyan)