HUMAN FACTOR IN

AVIATION

Sanjay Kumar
Dy. Director

ANS Safety Standard Department

1
3 Sep 2023
 Name:

Job:

SHORT Experiences:
INTRODUCTION

Qualification:

Expectation:
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 It is learning – yours and mine

- It is your Experiences, willingness to

CLASS share, enthusiasm to learn… makes

our time joyful and purposeful ………

MOTIVES - I am here as a facilitator…

- keep mobile on silent mode, be

punctual & Disciplined
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TWO SESSION

A . Human B. Error,
Factor in Violation &
Aviation Control
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 A. HUMAN FACTOR IN AVIATION
1st Session Objectives:

1. What is Human Factor ?

2. Why it is Important in Aviation ?

3. HF under David H Theory, PEAR Model & SHELL Model .

4. Exercise & Interaction ?

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A. HUMAN FACTOR IN AVIATION

WHAT IS HF
What you get message
???
‘The Quality of Change in our society is greatly
Depend on the quality of leadership that is
exercised’ Nelson Mandela 6
WHAT IS HUMAN
FACTOR

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1. WHAT IS HUMAN FACTOR

The three approach of understanding HF

a. AS defined by
b. AS defined
International c. AS defined by
through ICAO
Ergonomics FAA
Circular 227
Association 8
 1. WHAT IS HUMAN FACTOR
a. AS defined by International Ergonomics Association
Human Factor is:

the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of

- interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and

the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design
- in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance.
International Ergonomics Association (http://www.iea.cc)
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1.WHAT IS HUMAN FACTOR ?
PEOPLE
The Interaction of Human

Individual factors:
- Psycho: Knowledge,
expectations, attentions,
confidence, goals, etc.

- Physio: health,WORKPLACES
Factors

fatigue, age,
MANAGEMENT culture, body, size, strength,
stress, etc Workplace design :
Systems org manage:
Facility layout,
Org. work, policies, workstation configuration,
mange decisions, etc. accessibility,
Job Design: Equipment design:
Work schedule, Workload, Displays, controls,
task design, Job feedback, warning
requirements, etc. systems, ease of use
Information Transfer: Work Environment:
Comm.(written & oral), Noise, vibration, lightning, 10
Instructions, signs, etc… temp., chemical expose,
 1. WHAT IS HUMAN FACTOR
b. AS defined through ICAO Circular 227
HF is about people:
- in their working and living environments, and

- In their relationship with equipment, procedures, and the environment.

- In their relationships with other people

- Its outcome can be seen in terms of safety and efficiency performances

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.''
WHAT IS HUMAN FACTOR ?
1. WHAT IS HUMAN FACTOR

c. AS defined by FAA

"Human factors is a body of knowledge about

• human abilities,
• human limitations, and
• other human characteristics

that are relevant to design, what we do is human factors engineering, which we define
as the
• application of human factors information

• to design tools, machines, systems, tasks, jobs, and environment for safe,
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comfortable, and effective human use.“ ………FAA/Dr. Chapanis
2. WHY HUMAN FACTOR IS IMPORTANT ?
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2. WHY HUMAN FACTOR IS IMPORTANT ?

C. HUMAN ATTRIBUTES
A. AIR ACCIDENT
B. HF CONCERN •Human perfo. capabilities
Focus of flight safety Human perfo. limitations
too often on technology In late 1980 : ICAO Human perfo. behaviors -
however 3 out of 4 consistently promoted in working env. is central
accidents results from the fact that HF to understand flight
performance permeate virtually all safety.
aspects of civil aviation-
Error

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 2. WHY HUMAN FACTOR IS IMPORTANT ?

EVOLUTION OF SAFET Y THINKING

TECHNICAL FACTORS

HUMAN
HUMANFACTORS
FACTORS

TODAY
ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS

TOTAL SYSTEM APPROACH

1950s 1970s 1990s 2000 2023

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2. WHY HUMAN FACTOR IS IMPORTANT ?
EVOLUTION OF SAFET Y THINKING

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2. WHY HUMAN FACTOR IS IMPORTANT ?
A. AIR ACCIDENT

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2. Why human factor is Important ?
Evolution of Safety Thinking

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2. Why human factor is Important ?
Evolution of Safety Thinking

FATAL
ACCIDENTS
PER MILLION
FLIGHTS

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2. WHY HUMAN FACTOR IS IMPORTANT ?
QUIZ

The focus of today’s safety management approach should be on:

a) Technical factors
b) Human factors
c) Organizational factors
d) Total system approach

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2. WHY HUMAN FACTOR IS IMPORTANT ?
QUIZ

Human Factor is the body of knowledge that applies human factors

information to design tools, machines, systems, tasks, jobs, and
environment for safe, comfortable, and effective human use.
• International Ergonomics association
• ICAO Circular
• FAA
• None of the above

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 2. WHY HUMAN FACTOR IS IMPORTANT ?
QUIZ

Q. Human Factor is about people in their relationship with equipment, procedures, and
the environment, is mainly defined by
a. International Ergonomics association

b. ICAO Circular

c. FAA

d. None of the above

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2. WHY HF IS IMPORTANT IN AVIATION ?
B. HF CONCERN

Due regard of HF, ICAO introduce HF training

▪ In rating & Licensing requirements Annex -1
▪ In the operation of a/c requirement Annex -6
▪ In the airworthiness requirements Annex -8
Later it is also extended into
• Aeronautical Telecommunication Annex -10
• Air Traffic Services Annex- 11
• Search and Rescue Annex- 12
• Accident Investigation Annex -13
• Aerodrome Annex- 14
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• Safety Management Annex- 19
 2.WHY HF IS IMPORTANT IN AVIATION?
B. HF CONCERN

Due regard of HF, ICAO introduce following HF Docs & circulars :

o HF Guidelines for ATM Systems -Doc 9758
o HF Guidelines for Aircraft Maintenance Manual -Doc 9824
o HF Guidelines for Safety Audits Manual, 2002 -Doc 9806
o HF Training Manual,1996 -Doc 9683
o HF in CNS/ATM systems development - ICAO Cir
o HF in air traffic control . 1993. - ICAO Cir
o Human Factor Digest No. 07 - ICAO Cir
o HF management and organization. 1993. -ICAO Cir
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 WHAT ARE WE DOING IN NEPAL
TO HF?
• As per aircraft accidents investigation reports about 85 to
90 % of accidents are somewhere related with Human
Factors

• So far, no any separate policy and provision has been made

to train personnel and addresses issues on HF

• CAR for Air Traffic Services and Flight Operation

Requirements (FOR) has require to follow human factor
principle while conducting flights or other activities of flight
operations. 30
 WHAT ARE WE DOING IN NEPAL
TO HF?

• CAAN Advisory Circular [AC/AD – 14] 2nd edition 2022,

Human Factor Principle in Airport Emergency Plan

• CAAN Personal Licensing 5 th Edition 2.19.2.1 Revalidation

of expired Ratings, need HF training

• Airlines operators are providing HF training to their staffs

in their own requirements, CAA has included HF training
in basic ATC course . 31
 WHY HF IS IMPORTANT IN
AVIATION ?

The bottom line of HF is to :

• Understand the predictable aspects of

human performance capacity and
limitation and

• Apply this understanding in operational

environment
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 WHY HF IN SAFETY
SYSTEM:
The issue in HF can be taken in two
broad prospective

• The individual

• The system in which individual

operates

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Human characteristics...

"The human element is the most flexible, adaptable

and valuable part in the aviation system, but it is also
the most vulnerable to influences which can
adversely affect its performance
- ICAO circular 216-AN/131, 1989……

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 WHY HF IS IMPORTANT???

Engineering Ergonomics Psychology Physiology

Assess and Assess and Assess and Assess and
understand understand the understand how understand the
requirement of measures and people process nature of body
Information and movements of the information and rhythms and sleep,
communication, body, in optimizing make decisions. and their effects
design, display and the design and during shift work,
software layout of controls night flying, time
zone changed . v

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36
 QUIZ
Assess and understand the nature of body rhythms and sleep, and
their effects during shift work, night flying, and time zone changed.

▪ Engineering

▪ Ergonomics

▪ Psychology

▪ Physiology 37
CLASS SUMMARY

1. What is Human Factor ?

•
•
•

2. Why HF is Important in Aviation ?

•
•
• 38
 3. HF UNDER DAVID H
THEORY, PEAR MODEL &
SHELL MODEL

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DAVID H THEORY,
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
HF UNDER DAVID M. THEORY:
It assess the relative strengths & weakness of both human & machines to
determining system design in respect to the functions performed by the
human as well as system (Task basis)

Automated/Machine
Human System
System

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 DAVID HF INTERACTION MODEL

Humans are Better than Machines in:

1. Sensory Functions
2. Perceptual Abilities
o Stimulus Generalization
o Abstract Concepts

3. Flexibility
o Ability to Improvise
4. Judgment
5. Selective Recall
6. Inductive Reasoning Environment 42
DAVID HF INTERACTION MODEL
Machines are Better Than Humans in:

1. Alertness

2. Speed and Power

3. Sensor Detection Outside Human Range

4. Routine Work

5. Computation

Environment 6. Short-term Memory Storage

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7. Simultaneous Activities
DAVID HF INTERACTION MODEL
Human-Machine Comparison
HUMANS SURPASS MACHINES IN:
i. Ability to improvise and use
flexible procedures.
ii. Ability to detect small amount
of visual and acoustic energy.
iii. Ability to perceive patterns of
light or sound.
iv. Ability to store large amounts
of inf. long periods & to recall
v. Ability to reason inductively.
vi. Ability to exercise judgment.
MACHINES SURPASS HUMANS IN:
i. Ability to respond quickly to control
signals, and to apply great force
smoothly and precisely.
ii. Ability to perform repetitive, routine
tasks.
iii. Ability to store information briefly &
to erase it completely.
iv. Ability to reason deductively, including
computational ability.
v. Ability to handle highly complex
operations--to do many different
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Environment
 DAVID HF INTERACTION MODEL
Human-Machine Differences

• Machines can be modified, redesigned, and retrofit -- humans cannot.

• Humans are born with innate, genetically determined differences that are shaped by the
environment.
• Innate aptitudes or abilities are developed through education and training.
• Machines can be manufactured to be identical--with identical, or nearly identical, output
or performance.
• Humans are not identical and vary across all sensory, cognitive, physical, and
performance characteristics.
• Specific aspects of human performance can be made more equal through education
45 and
Environment
training.
 QUIZ

In Kathmandu area control a controller forget to give a traffic to

converging aircraft on time arise the situation of air miss, as per David M
theory it is part of
▪ Human sensory component
▪ Human cognitive component
▪ Human musculoskeletal component
▪ Machine input device component
▪ Machine CPU component
▪ Machine display component 46
THE PEAR MODEL
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 THE PEAR MODEL
There are many concepts related to the science and practice of human factors.
However, from a practical standpoint, PEAR is most helpful to have a unified
view of the things: The four important considerations for human factors
programs, which are listed below under PEAR are:
• People who do the job.
• Environment in which they work.
• Actions they perform.
• Resources necessary to complete the job.
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THE PEAR MODEL

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THE PEAR MODEL

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THE PEAR MODEL

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THE PEAR MODEL

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THE PEAR
MODEL

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 QUIZ

For more than a decade, the term “PEAR” has been used as a memory jogger,
or mnemonic, to characterize human factors in aviation maintenance. PEAR
prompts recall of the four important considerations for human factors
programs. These are:
• People who do the job.
• Environment in which they work.
• Actions they perform.
• Resources necessary to complete the job.
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PEOPLE CONTEXT
&
SAFETY
 PEOPLE CONTEXT & SAFETY

- Aviation system is a complex system that requires

an assessment of the human contribution to safety
and

- An understanding of how human performance

may be affected by its multiple and interrelated
components .
 PEOPLE COTEXT & SAFETY

• Aviation workplaces involve complex

interrelationships among its many components.

• To understand operational performance, we

must understand how it may be affected by the
interrelationships among the various components
of the aviation workplaces.
A
 HF, UNDER
Understanding SHEL MODEL
the relationship between people and
operational contexts

S ❖ Software
S ❖ – procedures, training and support

❖ Hardware
HH L LLL ❖ – Machines & equipment

❖ Environment
❖ -Operating circumstances in which the rest

E
E
of the L‐H‐S system function

❖ Liveware
❖ -humans in the workplace

❖ Liveware, v - other persons -

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WHAT SHEL MODEL IMPLIES ?

▪ The match or mismatch of this blocks (interface) is just

as important as the characteristics of the blocks
themselves

▪ Mismatch can be a source of the human error.

8:03:46 AM 62
 SHEL MODEL CONCLUDES
SHEL • Software • Hardware • Environment • Liveware
Adding complexity
• Observers
• Engineers
• Operations Staff
Multiple Systems
Multiple Environments
Multiple People
Multiple Task
- Communication (Com)
- Self Management (SM)
- Situational Awareness (SA)
- Decision Making(DM)
 QUIZ
Q. Chief of this course has allocated half an hour time for final exercise . As per SHELL
model it is part of

• Liveware

• Software

• Hardware

• Environment

• None of the above 64

• Physical parts of the system:
➢ Displays
➢ Controls
➢ Tools,
➢ Design of workstations
➢ Etc.
 E - environment

• Environment of the system:

➢ Weather/climate
➢ Airport
➢ Temperature in /out
➢ Noise
➢ Lighting
L - liveware
Human element in the system

Human – human interactions within the system:

➢ Management

➢ Crew interaction

➢ Communication
Liveware - Software

Include Human – software interactions within the system:

➢ Checklist layout

➢ Manuals/procedures layout

➢ Computer outputs

➢ etc
Include Human – Hardware interactions within the system:

➢ Use controls

➢ Interpreting displays/information

➢ Cockpit layout and seats

Liveware - Environment

Human – Environment challenges:

➢ Airports /airfields

➢ Temporary landing places for helicopters

➢ Weather
Human – Human interface:

➢ Pilot – Copilot – ATC

➢ Cabin – Cockpit crew

➢ Maintenance teams
➢Past experiences
➢Training
➢Commercial
➢Fatigue
➢Medication
➢Motivation
➢Pressure (time pressure/maintenance/pilots)
➢Pressure from co-workers
Investigating Organizational Factors

• FINDING: HUMAN ERROR IS FACTOR INCASE.

• ARE YOU READY TO END

INVESTIGATION ?
• NO !
• NOW IT REALLY STARTS !
INVESTIGATE ORGANIZATIONAL
FACTOR
INVESTIGATE ORGANIZATIONAL
FACTOR