Foreword

 This Training Handbook “Human Factors Training”, has

been developed in according with the specified
requirement of the aviation regulation and to meet the
authority requirement of CASR/FAR Part-65 and EASA
Part-66 and also to develop competence aircraft
technician. This Training Handbook has been designed as
part requirement to meet the personal or individuals who
receive on duty in aircraft maintenance such as in Line
Maintenance or Base Maintenance or Engine Maintenance
or Component Maintenance or others activity related to
maintenance. The purpose of the training handbook is to
provide trainees with reference for the implementation of
human performance in Aircraft Performance.
Training Aims and Objectives
 The aim of this training is to increase safety, quality and efficiency in aircraft maintenance operations
by reducing human error and its impact in maintenance activities. This is obtained through the
integration of appropriate categories of maintenance personnel’s technical knowledge and skills with
basic human factors knowledge and skills and promotion of a positive attitude towards safety.
 The objectives of this training are:
◦ - Be introduce human factors and explain its importance to the aviation industry; - Be informed the human
factors contribution on aircraft accident, the statistics of aircraft accident and incident and the causes; -
Understand the human performance and the limitations related to maintenance works, the intention is to provide
the physical and mental human performance characteristics which are likely to affect an aircraft maintenance
engineer in his working environment which considered the abilities and limitations of the individual; -
Understand the social psychology, the issues relating to the social context in which the aircraft maintenance
engineer works. This includes the organisation in which he works and aspects of team working, supervision and
leadership; - Understand safety culture related to maintenance works; - Understand the dirty dozen anticipated
the human error which causes accident and incident on aircraft; - Understand the factors affecting performance
may impinge on the engineer, potentially rendering him less able to carry out his work and attain the levels of
safety required; - Understand that environment affecting performance. The aircraft maintenance engineer can
expect to work in a variety of different environments, from ‘line' to 'base', in all types of weather and climatic
conditions, day and night. Both physical environments have their own specific features or factors that may
impinge on human performance.
◦ - Have knowledge on the tasks that aircraft maintenance engineers carry out, looking at the physical work,
repetitive tasks, visual inspection and the complex systems that they work on; - Have knowledge on the
communication is often cited as a contributor to aviation incidents and accidents; - Understand human error
related to maintenance work, errors that aircraft maintenance engineers have made which have contributed to
aircraft incidents or accidents; - Have knowledge hazard in the workplace tend to be a health and safety issue,
relating to the protection of individuals at work. All workplaces have hazards and aircraft maintenance
engineering is no exception; - Have knowledge of the organization’s Human Factors program.
Method of Assessment
 Delegates will be graded on the basis of assessment based
on written examination. In the situation that a delegate is
either not understanding the subject, or not participating
adequately, he/she will be made aware of the shortfall in
performance and, if appropriate, be provided with additional
coaching outside the formal training hours. - The assessment
will consist of a 90-minutes written examination; - The
written examination will be in Indonesia or English
language; - Delegates whose writing is not legible (readable)
will fail the test; - Delegates who fail the examination shall
be allowed one time re-examination; - To pass the written
examination the delegate must obtain at least 70 marks.
Absence from more than 5 % of the planned duration of the
training shall be the cause for failing the training.
References
The following references materials have been
used for the development of this Training
Handbook: - Authority Regulation CASR, FAR
Part 145, 65 Requirements. - Authority
Regulation EASA Part 145, 66 Requirements. -
FAA - General, Aviation Maintenance
Technician Handbook (FAA-H-8083-30). -
Module 9 Human Factors for EASA Part 66. -
Maddox, M. (1998). Human Factor Guide for
Aviation Maintenance. - Reason, J. (1990).
Human Error. - Company Procedure.
 Human Factor
1 General

1. General
These introduce human factors and
explain its importance to the aviation
industry. It examines the relationship
between human factors and incidents
largely in terms of human error and
"Murphy's Law" (i.e. if it can happen,
one day it will).
 1.1 The Need To Take Human Factors Into Account
◦ In the early days of powered flight, the design, construction and control of aircraft predominated. The main
attributes of the first pilots were courage and the mastery of a whole new set of skills in the struggle to
control the new flying machines. As the technical aspects of flight were overcome bit by bit, the role of the
people associated with aircraft began to come to the fore. Pilots were supported initially with mechanisms to
help them stabilise the aircraft, and later with automated systems to assist the crew with tasks such as
navigation and communication. With such interventions to complement the abilities of pilots, aviation human
factors were born. An understanding of the importance of human factors to aircraft maintenance engineering
is essential to anyone considering a career as a licensed aircraft engineer. This is because human factors will
impinge on everything they do in the course of their job in one way or another. Human factors awareness can
lead to improved quality, an environment that ensures continuing worker and aircraft safety, and a more
involved and responsible work force. More specifically, the reduction of even minor errors can provide
measurable benefits including cost reductions, fewer missed deadlines, reduction in work related injuries,
reduction of warranty claims, and reduction in more significant events that can be traced back to maintenance
error.
 1.1.1 What is “Human Factors” ?
◦ The term "human factors" is used in many different ways in the aviation industry. The term it has grown increasingly
popular as the commercial aviation industry realize that human error, rather than mechanical failur
◦ The term is, perhaps, best known in the context of aircraft cockpit design and Crew Resource Management (CRM).
However, those activities constitute only a small percentage of aviation-related human factors, as broadly speaking it
concerns any consideration of human involvement in aviation. The use of the term "human factors" in the context of
aviation maintenance engineering is relatively new. Aircraft accidents such as that to the Aloha aircraft in the USA in
April 1988 and the BAC 1-11 windscreen accident in the UK in June 1990 brought the need to address human factors
issues in this environment into sharp focus (see Sub-section 1.2.3). Before discussing how these accidents were related
to human factors, a definition of human factors is required. There are many definitions available. Some authors refer to
the subject as 'human factors' and some as 'ergonomics'. Some see "human factors" as a scientific discipline and others
regard it as a more general part of the human contribution to system safety. Although there are a good definition in the
context of aviation maintenance would be: Human factors refer to the study of human capabilities and limitations in the
workplace. Human factors researchers study of system performance and the interaction of maintenance personnel, the
equipment they use, the written and verbal procedures and rules they follow, and the environmental conditions of any
system. The aim of human factors is to optimise the relationship between maintenance personnel and systems with a
view to improving safety, efficiency and well-being. Thus, human factors include such attributes as: - human
physiology; - psychology (including perception, cognition, memory, social interaction, error); - work place design; -
environmental conditions; - human-machine interface; - anthropometrics (the scientific study of measurements
(dimensions and abilities) of the human body). e, underlies most aviation accidents and incidents.