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Considerations:
Temperature(s) required
Freezing point
Viscosity
Specific heat
Density
Hazardous properties
Paul Ashall, 2008
Mechanisms for heat transfer
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Copper 400
Water 0.6
air 0.03
Q = k2LT/ln(r2/r1)
L length of tube/cylinder
r2 external radius
r1 internal radius
Q = hAT
or
Q = UAT
Q = UAlmtd
Q = UAlmtdF
T1
t1
t2
T2
q heat flux
e emissivity (0 to 1) typically 0.9
Stefan-Boltzmann const.(5.67 x 10-8 W m-2 K-4)
T1 temp. of body (K)
T2 temp. of surroundings