Tensions Rising

Mercantilism
Mercantilism- economic policy which looks
upon trade, colonies, and the accumulation
of wealth as the basis for a countrys
military and political strengthmust have
more exports than imports
Government regulates trade and
production, monopolizes trade relations
Purpose of a colony is to enrich the mother
country
Navigation Acts
Englands government implemented a
mercantilist policy with a series of
Navigation Acts between 1650 and 1673,
which established rules for colonial trade
One of these acts closed colonies to all
trade except that carried in English ships
and required the colonists to export certain
items, called enumerated goods only to
England or English possessions (tobacco
was one)
Another one of the acts stated that all
goods being shipped from Europe to the
colonies had to pass through England, so
Impact of the Navigation Acts
Pros (+) Cons (-)
1. New England 1. Chesapeake
shipbuilding farmers had to accept
low prices for crops
prospered
(no competition)
2. Always have
2. Colonists paid high
somebody to trade prices for goods from
with England
3. English military 3. Colonists resented
forces protected the regulatory laws,
colonies from some turned to
French and Spanish smuggling
Increase in Diversity
In the 18th century (1700s), African and
non-English European arrivals skyrocketed,
while the number of people coming from
England declined
The government felt that England was
losing too many skilled laborers and
professionals to the New World
As we previously discussed, this is also
during the time period when a shift is
occurring from indentured servitude to
slavery (more slaves are arriving in the
colonies)
Scottish, Irish, and German people
Key terms from todays notes
Mercantilism
Navigation Acts
Enumerated goods

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Stono Rebellion Questions
1. What do you think triggered the Stono
Rebellion? (opinion)
2. What was the Security Act? How might it
have contributed to the rebellion?
3. What happened to the slaves involved in
the rebellion?
4. What was an effect of the rebellion?
Gap in Wealth
Most free Americans benefited from
economic growth, but as colonial society
matured an elite class emerged
The gap between rich and poor, a common
theme in American history, grew rapidly in
the 18th century
18th century Virginia was a far healthier
environment than in the early days of
settlementplanters could pass down
wealth to the next generation
Anglicization
Anglicization-a process in which Americans
began to think of themselves as less American
and acted more and more EnglishThe
wealthy Americans sent their sons off to be
educated in Britain, proper British etiquette
and behavior were employed, and the latest
fashions from London and other luxuries were
importedeven homes were modeled on
British town houses and country estates.
1732 portrait of sons of a wealthy Boston merchantthe
prominent display of their delicate hands tells the viewer
that they have never had to do manual labor
Slavery
As we have discussed, the Atlantic slave
trade expanded rapidly in the 18th century
Middle Passage- the voyage across the
Atlantic for slaves, a terrible experience
where slaves were crammed tightly
together aboard ships to maximize profits
By the mid-eighteenth century, three
distinct slave systems were well
entrenched in Britains mainland colonies:
tobacco-based plantation slavery in the
Chesapeake, rice-based plantation slavery
in South Carolina and Georgia, and non-
plantation slavery in New England and
Slavery (cont.)
Only less than 5% of slaves carried to the
New World from 1460-1770 were destined
for North America
In the early 18th century, colonies began to
pass slave codes, which limited the rights
of blacks in law and ensured almost
absolute authority to white masters
Key terms from todays notes
Anglicization
Middle Passage
slave codes

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Stono Rebellion
In September of 1739, a group of South Carolina slaves,
most of them recently arrived from the Kongo, seized a
store containing numerous weapons at the town of Stono
The armed group marched toward Florida, possibly
hoping to be welcomed by the Spanish at St. Augustine
A group of white colonists stopped the rebellion from
continuing, killing many of the slaves
An effect of the Stono Rebellion was the finalization of
the Negro Act No longer would slaves be allowed to
grow their own food, assemble in groups, earn their own
money, or learn to read... Some of these restrictions had
been in effect before the Negro Act, but had not been
strictly enforced
Voting Rights in the Colonies
Having the ability to vote in the colonies
largely hinged on 3 things: property
ownership, gender, and race
It is estimated that between 50-80% of
adult white men could vote in the 18th
century colonial America, compared to
fewer than 5% in Britain at this time this
is because more people in the colonies
were landowners
Considerable power in colonial politics
rested with those who had been appointed
by the crown rather than elected
Salutary Neglect
Preoccupied with events in
Europe, the British government
during the first half of the 18th
century adopted a policy of
salutary neglect (not a great
deal of enforcement of trade
and legislation) towards the
colonies, leaving them largely
to govern themselves
When the English later reversed
this policy and began to raise
taxes, tension increased in the
colonies towards Great Britain
Enlightenments and
Awakenings
Intellectual life in America was greatly influenced by
two 18th century movements- the Enlightenment and
the Great Awakening
The Enlightenment was a movement that swept both
Europe and America, and stressed the importance of
science and human reason
Scientists had discovered natural laws that they
believed regulated the workings of nature
The Enlightenment encouraged men and women to
look to themselves-not God-for guidance as to how to
live their lives and to shape societyit also
encouraged an emphasis on education, politics, and
government
John Locke
Example of an Enlightenment thinker: John
Locke- had ideas about individual rights
(life, liberty, property), the right of rebellion
against an unjust government, and the
development of ones mind (tabula rasa-
blank slate)
Key terms from todays notes
Stono Rebellion
salutary neglect
Enlightenment
John Locke

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Response Questions
1. What would be some complaints that
colonists had regarding their relationship
with Great Britain during the 18th century?
2. How would the ideas of the
Enlightenment influence colonists? (Cite a
specific example)
3. What was an idea John Locke had
regarding the development of ones mind?
4. How did the policy of salutary neglect
affect the colonies?
5. How did the reversal of the policy of
salutary neglect affect the colonies?
Religious Revival
Religion remained central to 18th century
American life
Sermons, theological works, and copies of
the Bible were the largest category of
printed material produced by colonial
printers
Many ministers were concerned with the
religious devotion of the people, due to
various distractions and some ideas
stemming from the Enlightenment
The 18th century witnessed a revival of
religious fundamentalism, in part as a
response to the Enlightenment and a desire
Jonathan Edwards
Jonathan Edwards was a Massachusetts
minister who had a very emotional style of
preaching
His famous sermon Sinners in the Hands of
an Angry God portrayed sinful man as in
danger of going to hell if they did not
acknowledge their sin and plead to God for
grace The God that holds you over the pit of
Hell, much as one holds a spider, or
some loathsome insect over the fire
Jonathan Edwards
George Whitefield
George Whitefield-
English minister who also
was a major part of the
Great Awakening
Whitefield made several
evangelizing tours
through the colonies and
drew tremendous crowds
Whitefield appealed to
the passions of his
listeners, powerfully
sketching the boundless
joy of salvation and the
horrors of damnation
Critics of the Great
Awakening/Impact of the Movement
Critics of the Great Awakening condemned the revivalist
preachers for lacking theological training, encouraging
disrespect for the established church and her
ministers, and filling churches with general disorder
Congregations were split into factions headed by Old
Lights (traditionalists) and New Lights (revivalists)
The Great Awakening impacted colonial life in a variety
of ways- it reflected existing social tensions, threw into
questions many forms of authority, and criticized some
aspects of colonial society
A few preachers condemned slavery, and in the
Chesapeake, the revivals brought numerous slaves into
Christianity
Key terms from todays notes
Great Awakening
Jonathan Edwards
Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
George Whitefield
Old Lights
New Lights

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Great Awakening (cont.)
One more thing the Great Awakening led
to the founding of a number of academies
and colleges, notably Princeton, Brown,
Rutgers, and Dartmouth
Some of the colleges were created to
prepare young men for ministry; Dartmouth
was created as a mission school for natives
(motto: the voice of one crying out in the
wilderness)
Imperial Rivalries
The rapid growth of Britains North American
colonies took place at a time when European
empires were competing for power
The colonies in North America of Britains rivals,
although covering a great deal of territory, were
thinly populated and economically weaker
Spanish North America consisted of a few small
and isolated urban clusters, most prominently St.
Augustine (Florida), San Antonio (Texas), and
Santa Fe (New Mexico)
The Spanish expanded into California in the 18th
century, spreading Catholicism
French and English Conflict
A greater rival to British power in North America was
France
French had founded New Orleans in 1718, also had land
in Canada, the Midwest, and other parts of Louisiana
By claiming control of a large portion of North American
land and establishing a close relationship with various
Native tribes, the French empire posed a challenge to the
English
Specifically, disagreements over land in the Ohio River
Valley led to an increase in conflict between the English
and the French
These tensions over land, in addition to tension back in
Europe, led to the French and Indian War which lasted
from 1754-1763 (called in Europe the Seven Years War)
Key terms from todays notes
Princeton, Brown, Rutgers, Dartmouth
California
New Orleans
Ohio River Valley
French and Indian War (Seven Years War)

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Benjamin Franklin and the Albany
Plan
Colonies at this time functioned independently in a variety of
ways, and felt stronger ties to England than to one another
New Englanders and Virginians viewed each other as
something close to foreigners
The colonists struggled to cooperate even when, in 1754,
they faced a common threat- the French, and Frances native
allies
A conference was called in Albany, New York to keep the
Iroquois tribes loyal to the British in the spreading war
At the conference, colonial leader Benjamin Franklin
proposed the Albany Plan of Union, by which the British
government would set up in America one general
government for all the colonies that would deal with native
relations and the common defense
Benjamin Franklin and the Albany
Plan (cont.)
The Albany Plan of Union
was not approved
Everyone cries, a union is
necessary, but when they
come to the manner and
form of the union, their
weak noodles are perfectly
distracted. Benjamin
Franklin
JOIN OR DIE -The cartoon
on the right, which
appeared in Franklins
newspaper, illustrated the
need for intercolonial
unity, in this case against
the French this cartoon
was later republished and
used against the British
French and Indian War
The war, which was fought in North America but also
globally, was won by the side of the British
The French and Indian War had many effects on the
colonies and the world as a whole
It greatly expanded British land in North America, as the
Treaty of Paris (1763) resulted in the French transferring a
great deal of land to Great Britain, including Canada and
all French territory east of the Mississippi (except New
Orleans)
French had lost all land in mainland North America
Great Britain also gained Spanish Florida
The treaty had strengthened the 13 American colonies by
removing their European rivals to the north and the south
Other Effects of the War
The French and Indian War increased
Britains debt (war costs $) and Britain also
felt like the colonists could have been more
helpful during the war
Many English leaders felt that they should
increase authority over the colonies
Great Britain raised taxes on the colonies to
help cover war debt (colonists did not like
this)
In essence, the effects of the French and
Indian War ultimately led to the
Revolutionary War
Key terms from todays notes
Benjamin Franklin
Albany Plan of Union
Join or Die
Treaty of Paris (1763)

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 Natives Resist
Even as England and its colonies celebrated
their victory in the French and Indian War, many
natives saw it as a threat to their freedom
Without consulting them, the French had ceded
land natives claimed as their own to British
control in the Treaty of Paris (1763)
In 1763, not long after the end of the war,
natives of the Ohio River Valley and Great Lakes
launched a revolt against British rule- Pontiacs
Rebellion
Proclamation Line of 1763
The uprising inspired the
government in London to issue
the Proclamation Line of 1763-
a boundary that was supposed
to prohibit colonial settlement
west of the Appalachian
Mountainsthese lands were
reserved for the natives
Many settlers and colonists
ignored the new policy,
including George Washington
This resulted in further tension
between natives and colonists
 Taxing the Colonies
Great Britain was in debt as a result of the French and Indian
War, and they thought it was only reasonable that the colonies
should help pay this national debt (the colonies had British
protection, and they were cheating Britain by violating the
Navigation Acts)
Therefore, Great Britain raised taxes on the colonies to help pay
off this debt
Certain acts were passed by the British government to enforce
taxes or policies that increased their control over the colonies
(Sugar Act, Currency Act, Quartering Act, Stamp Act)
These angered the colonists and increased British and colonial
tension
Key terms from todays notes
Pontiacs Rebellion
Proclamation Line of 1763
Sugar Act
Currency Act
Quartering Act
Stamp Act

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 Individual Work
Part 1: DESCRIPTION OF 4 ACTS- Give a description of each Act.
(Sugar, Currency, Quartering, Stamp)

Part 2: ANALYZE PRIMARY DOCUMENT

Author: Who created the source? What is the author's point of
view?
Place and time: Where and when was the source produced? How
might this affect the meaning of the source?
Prior knowledge: Beyond information about the author and the
context of its creation, what do you know that would help you
further understand the primary source?
Audience: For whom was the source created?
Reason: Why was this source produced?
The main idea: What point is the source is trying to convey?
Significance: Why is this source important?
Sugar Act (1764) and Currency Act
(1764)
The Sugar Act increased the tax
on foreign sugar imported from
the West Indies
It also allowed for smugglers to
be tried in new vice-admiralty
courts, where juries were not
allowed
The Currency Act required
colonial assemblies to stop
issuing their own paper money
and instead exchange it for
British money, receiving less
money in return for their
Quartering Act (1765) and Stamp
Act (1765)
The Quartering Act required colonial governments to
provide barracks and food for British troops
The Stamp Act sparked a crisis
It required that all sorts of printed materials produced
in the colonies- newspapers, books, court documents,
commercial papers, land deeds, etc.- carry a stamp
purchased from authorities
This money was to benefit the British empire and help
pay for the cost of stationing British troops in North
America
Whereas the Sugar Act had affected mainly residents
of ports, the Stamp Act managed to offend virtually
every free colonist
Who was Benjamin Franklin?
Colonial leader whose success as
an author led him to take up
politics; he helped draw up the
Declaration of Independence and
the Constitution; he played a
major role in the American
Revolution and negotiated French
support for the colonists; as a
scientist he is remembered
particularly for his research in
electricity a well-rounded man
who wore many hats
Author of Poor Richards Almanac
and also was an owner of the
newspaper The Pennsylvania
Gazette
Key terms from todays notes
Sugar Act
Currency Act
Quartering Act
Stamp Act
Poor Richards Almanac
Pennsylvania Gazette

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Opposition to the Stamp Act
Opponents of the Stamp Act,
who also felt that the colonists
were unrepresented in
Parliament (British government),
began to cry No taxation
without representation
Patrick Henry was an outspoken
leader for this cause (we will
discuss him more later)
In 1765, the Stamp Act
Congress met and included
delegates from nine colonies,
including some of the most
prominent men in America
they insisted that the right to
consent to taxation was
Opposition (cont.)
The act had inspired the people,
even to the lowest ranks, to become
more attentive to their liberties, more
inquisitive about them, and more
determined to defend them, than they
were ever before known John Adams
An organization of American colonists,
known as the Sons of Liberty,
terrorized stamp agents and burned
the stampsthe agents resigned and
the sale of stamps in the colonies
ceased
Parliament in 1766 repealed (revoked)
the Stamp Act
Townshend Acts
In 1767, the government in London
decided to impose a new set of taxes
on Americansthese were devised
by the cabinets chief financial
minister, Charles Townshend
Townshend persuaded Parliament to
impose new taxes on goods imported
into the colonies and to help control
smuggling by creating a new board of
customs commissioners
Colonists eventually decided to again
boycott British goods
Colonial anger culminated in the
deadly Boston Massacre on March 5,
1770
Key terms from todays notes
Parliament
No taxation without representation
Patrick Henry
Stamp Act Congress
Sons of Liberty
Charles Townshend
Boston Massacre

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Extra Credit Opportunity (5
pts.)
Answer the following question fully: What
would Benjamin Franklin say is the way to
wealth?
Group Activity: Solve the
Mystery
A murder has occurred. A certain Mr. Kelley is the
victim. You must find the murderer, the weapon, the
time of the murder, the place, and the motive.
Rules
1. You have to verbally share your personal clues
with the group.
2. When your group feels they have solved the
case, they may share their answers with me. I
will only tell you that you are correct if all 5
answers are correct.
3. Groups will receive a daily grade for completing
the task (first group finished will receive a 105).