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Bandwidth Utilization: Multiplexing and Spreading
Bandwidth Utilization: Multiplexing and Spreading
Bandwidth Utilization:
Multiplexing and
Spreading
6.1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Note
6.2
61MULTIPLEXING
Whenever the bandwidth of a medium linking two
devices is greater than the bandwidth needs of the
devices, the link can be shared. Multiplexing is the set
of techniques that allows the (simultaneous)
transmission of multiple signals across a single data
link. As data and telecommunications use increases, so
does traffic.
Topics discussed in this section:
Frequency-Division Multiplexing
Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
Synchronous Time-Division Multiplexing
Statistical Time-Division Multiplexing
6.3
Figure 6.1 Dividing a link into channels
6.4
Figure 6.2 Categories of multiplexing
6.5
Figure 6.3 Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)
6.6
Note
6.7
Figure 6.4 FDM process
6.8
FM
6.9
Figure 6.5 FDM demultiplexing example
6.10
Example 6.1
6.12
Example 6.2
Solution
For five channels, we need at least four guard bands.
Thismeansthattherequiredbandwidthisatleast
5100+410=540kHz,
asshowninFigure6.7.
6.13
Figure 6.7 Example 6.2
6.14
Example 6.3
Four data channels (digital), each transmitting at 1
Mbps, use a satellite channel of 1 MHz. Design an
appropriate configuration, using FDM.
Solution
The satellite channel is analog. We divide it into four
channels, each channel having 1M/4=250-kHz
bandwidth.
Each digital channel of 1 Mbps must be transmitted over
a 250KHz channel. Assuming no noise we can use
Nyquist to get:
C = 1Mbps = 2x250K x log2 L -> L = 4 or n = 2 bits/signal
element.
One solution is 4-QAM modulation. In Figure 6.8 we
show a possible configuration with L = 16.
6.15
Figure 6.8 Example 6.3
6.16
Figure 6.9 Analog hierarchy
6.17
Example 6.4
6.19
Note
6.20
Figure 6.11 Prisms in wavelength-division multiplexing and demultiplexing
6.21
Figure 6.12 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
6.22
Note
6.23
Figure 6.13 Synchronous time-division multiplexing
6.24
Note
6.25
Example 6.5
In Figure 6.13, the data rate for each one of the 3 input
connection is 1 kbps. If 1 bit at a time is multiplexed (a
unit is 1 bit), what is the duration of (a) each input slot,
(b) each output slot, and (c) each frame?
Solution
Wecananswerthequestionsasfollows:
a.Thedatarateofeachinputconnectionis1kbps.This
meansthatthebitdurationis1/1000sor1ms.The
durationoftheinputtimeslotis1ms(sameasbit
duration).
6.26
Example 6.5 (continued)
b.Thedurationofeachoutputtimeslotisonethirdof
theinputtimeslot.Thismeansthatthedurationofthe
outputtimeslotis1/3ms.
c.Eachframecarriesthreeoutputtimeslots.Sothe
durationofaframeis31/3ms,or1ms.
Note:Thedurationofaframeisthesameastheduration
ofaninputunit.
6.27
Example 6.6
c.Theoutputbitrateistheinverseoftheoutputbit
durationor1/(4s)or4Mbps.Thiscanalsobe
deducedfromthefactthattheoutputrateis4timesas
fastasanyinputrate;sotheoutputrate=41Mbps
=4Mbps.
d.Theframerateisalwaysthesameasanyinputrate.So
theframerateis1,000,000framespersecond.
Becausewearesending4bitsineachframe,wecan
verifytheresultofthepreviousquestionby
multiplyingtheframeratebythenumberofbitsper
frame.
6.29
Figure 6.14 Example 6.6
6.30
Example 6.7
Solution
Wecananswerthequestionsasfollows:
a.Thedurationof1bitbeforemultiplexingis1/1kbps,
or0.001s(1ms).
b.Therateofthelinkis4timestherateofaconnection,
or4kbps.
6.31
Example 6.7 (continued)
6.33
Figure 6.15 Interleaving
6.34
Example 6.8
6.36
Example 6.9
Solution
Figure 6.17 shows the output (4x100kbps) for four
arbitrary inputs. The link carries 400K/(2x4)=50,000
2x4=8bit frames per second. The frame duration is
therefore 1/50,000 s or 20 s. The bit duration on the
outputlinkis1/400,000s,or2.5s.
6.37
Figure 6.17 Example 6.9
6.38
Data Rate Management
Not all input links maybe have
the same data rate.
Some links maybe slower. There
maybe several different input
link speeds
There are three strategies that
can be used to overcome the
data rate mismatch: multilevel,
multislot and pulse stuffing
6.39
Data rate matching
Multilevel: used when the data rate of the
input links are multiples of each other.
Multislot: used when there is a GCD
between the data rates. The higher bit
rate channels are allocated more slots per
frame, and the output frame rate is a
multiple of each input link.
Pulse Stuffing: used when there is no GCD
between the links. The slowest speed link
will be brought up to the speed of the
other links by bit insertion, this is
called pulse stuffing.
6.40
Figure 6.19 Multilevel multiplexing
6.41
Figure 6.20 Multiple-slot multiplexing
6.42
Figure 6.21 Pulse stuffing
6.43
Synchronization
To ensure that the receiver correctly
reads the incoming bits, i.e., knows
the incoming bit boundaries to
interpret a 1 and a 0, a known bit
pattern is used between the frames.
The receiver looks for the anticipated
bit and starts counting bits till the
end of the frame.
Then it starts over again with the
reception of another known bit.
These bits (or bit patterns) are
called synchronization bit(s).
They are part of the overhead of
transmission.
6.44
Figure 6.22 Framing bits
6.45
Example 6.10
Solution
Wecananswerthequestionsasfollows:
a.Thedatarateofeachsourceis2508=2000bps=2
kbps.
6.46
Example 6.10 (continued)
b.Eachsourcesends250characterspersecond;
therefore,thedurationofacharacteris1/250s,or
4ms.
c.Eachframehasonecharacterfromeachsource,
whichmeansthelinkneedstosend250framesper
secondtokeepthetransmissionrateofeachsource.
d.Thedurationofeachframeis1/250s,or4ms.Note
thatthedurationofeachframeisthesameasthe
durationofeachcharactercomingfromeachsource.
e.Eachframecarries4charactersand1extra
synchronizingbit.Thismeansthateachframeis
48+1=33bits.
6.47
Example 6.11
Solution
Wecanallocateoneslottothefirstchannelandtwoslots
to the second channel. Each frame carries 3 bits. The
framerateis100,000framespersecondbecauseitcarries
1 bit from the first channel. The bit rate is 100,000
frames/s3bitsperframe,or300kbps.
6.48
Figure 6.23 Digital hierarchy
6.49
Table 6.1 DS and T line rates
6.50
Figure 6.24 T-1 line for multiplexing telephone lines
6.51
Figure 6.25 T-1 frame structure
6.52
Table 6.2 E line rates
6.53
Inefficient use of
Bandwidth
Sometimes an input link may
have no data to transmit.
When that happens, one or
more slots on the output link
will go unused.
That is wasteful of
bandwidth.
6.54
Figure 6.18 Empty slots
6.55
Figure 6.26 TDM slot comparison
6.56