Various Types of Researches: Vaisali K B070225Ar

VARIOUS TYPES OF
RESEARCHES
VAISALI K B070225AR
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
The systematic, rigorous investigation

of a situation or problem in order to
generate new knowledge or validate
existing knowledge.
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
APPLIED RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH
Applied research refers to scientific study and

CORRELATIONAL
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
research that seeks to solve practical problems.
DESCRIPTIVE
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
RESEARCH Applied research is used to find solutions to
everyday problems, cure illness, and develop
ETHNOGRAPHIC
ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH
innovative technologies, rather than to acquire
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
knowledge for knowledge's sake.
EXPLORATORY
EXPLORATORY RESEARCH.
RESEARCH.
For example, applied researchers may

GROUNDED
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY
investigate ways to:
RESEARCH.
RESEARCH.
Improve agricultural crop production
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
Treat or cure a specific disease
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
Improve the energy efficiency of homes,
offices, or modes of transportation
RESEARCH
RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
RESEARCH
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
BASIC RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH
Basic (akafundamentalorpure) research is
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
driven by a scientist'scuriosityor interest in a
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH scientific question. The main motivation is
toexpand man's knowledge, not to create or
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH
invent something. There is no obvious
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
commercial value to the discoveries that result
from basic research.
EXPLORATORY
RESEARCH.
GROUNDED
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY
For example, basic science investigations probe
RESEARCH.
RESEARCH. for answers to questions such as:
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
How did the universe begin?
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
What are protons, neutrons, and electrons
composed of?
RESEARCH
RESEARCH How do slime molds reproduce?
QUALITATIVE
What is the specific genetic code of the fruit
RESEARCH
fly?
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH
CORRELATIONAL
CORRELATIONAL
Correlational research refers to the systematic
RESEARCH
RESEARCH investigation or statistical study of relationships
among two or more variables, without necessarily
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
determining cause and effect.
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH
It Seeks to establish a
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
relation/association/correlation between two or
EXPLORATORY
RESEARCH.
more variables that do not readily lend
themselves to experimental manipulation.
GROUNDED
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY
RESEARCH.
RESEARCH.
For example, to test the hypothesis Listening to
music lowers blood pressure levels there are 2
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
ways of conducting research
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
Experimental group samples and make one
RESEARCH
RESEARCH
group listen to music and then compare the bp
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
levels
Survey ask people how they feel ? How often
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH they listen? And then compare
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH
CORRELATIONAL
CORRELATIONAL
Advantages:
RESEARCH
RESEARCH
1) Can collect much information from many
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
subjects at one time.
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH
2) Can study a wide range of variables and
their interrelations.
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
3) Study variables that are not easily
EXPLORATORY
RESEARCH.
produced in the laboratory.
GROUNDED
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY
RESEARCH.
RESEARCH.
Disadvantages:
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
1) Correlation does not indicate
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
causation( cause and effect).
2) Problems with self-report method .
RESEARCH
RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH Descriptive researchrefers to research that
provides an accurate portrayal of characteristics
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH of a particular individual, situation, or group.
Descriptive research, also known
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH
asstatisticalresearch.
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
These studies are a means of discovering new
EXPLORATORY
RESEARCH. meaning, describing what exists, determining the
GROUNDED
frequency with which something occurs, and
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY
categorizing information.
RESEARCH.
RESEARCH.
In shortdescriptive researchdeals with
everything that can be counted and studied,
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH which has an impact of the lives of the people
it deals with.
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
RESEARCH For example,
finding the most frequent disease that affects the
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
children of a town. The reader of the research will
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
know what to do to prevent that disease thus,
more people will live a healthy life.
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH Advantages:
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH The people individual studied are unaware so
they act naturally or as they usually do in
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH
everyday situation;
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
It is less expensive and time consuming than
quantitative experiments;
EXPLORATORY
RESEARCH. Collects a large amount of notes for detailed
GROUNDED
studying;
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY
As it is used to describe and not make any
RESEARCH.
RESEARCH. conclusions it is to start the research with it;
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
PHENOMENOLOGICAL Disadvantages
RESEARCH
RESEARCH
Descriptive research requires more skills.
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
Does not identify cause behind a phenomenon
Response rate is low in this research.
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH Results of this research can change over the
period of time.
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
Ethnographic research refer to the
investigation of a culture through an in-depth
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH study of the members of the culture; it involves
the systematic collection, description, and
ETHNOGRAPHIC
ETHNOGRAPHIC
analysis of data for development of theories of
RESEARCH
RESEARCH cultural behaviour.
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
EXPLORATORY
RESEARCH.
It studies people, ethnic groups and other
ethnic formations, theirethno genesis,
GROUNDED
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY composition, resettlement, social welfare
RESEARCH.
RESEARCH.
characteristics, as well as their material and
spiritual culture.
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
Data collection is often done through
participant observation, interviews,
RESEARCH
RESEARCH
questionnaires, etc.
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
The purpose of ethnographic research is to
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH attempt to understand what is happening
naturally in the setting and to interpret the
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH Experimental research is an objective,
systematic, controlled investigation for the
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
purpose of predicting and controlling phenomena
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH and examining probability and causality among
selected variables.
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
Advantages
RESEARCH
RESEARCH
Best establishes cause-and-effect
EXPLORATORY
RESEARCH. relationships
GROUNDED
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY
Disadvantages
RESEARCH.
RESEARCH.
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
Artificiality
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
PHENOMENOLOGICAL Feasibility
RESEARCH
RESEARCH
Unethical
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH The simplest experimental design includes two
variables and two groups of participants.
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH The two variables(Independent versus
Dependent variables).
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
The IV is the predictor variable whereas the DV is

RESEARCH
RESEARCH
the outcome variable.
EXPLORATORY
RESEARCH. Researchers manipulate and control the IV to study
it's effect on the DV.
GROUNDED
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY
RESEARCH.
RESEARCH. The two groups of participants (Control versus
Experimental group).
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
Before beginning the experiment, the researcher
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
PHENOMENOLOGICAL (randomly) assigns his/her sample to two different
groups: the control group and the experimental
RESEARCH
RESEARCH
(treatment group or clinical group).
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH The control group receives no manipulation of the
IV (no treatment), whereas the experimental group
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
receives the manipulation of the IV
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH
Exploratory researchis a type

CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
ofresearchconducted for a problem that has not
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH been clearly defined. Exploratory research helps
determine the bestresearchdesign,data
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH
collectionmethod and selection of subjects.
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
The results of exploratory research are not
EXPLORATORY
EXPLORATORY usually useful for decision-making by
themselves, but they can provide significant
RESEARCH
RESEARCH..
insight into a given situation
GROUNDED
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY
Exploratory research is not typically
RESEARCH.
RESEARCH.
generalizable to thepopulationat large.
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
Exploratory research can be quite informal,
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
relying onsecondary researchsuch as
RESEARCH
RESEARCH reviewing available literature and/or data,
orqualitative approaches such as informal
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
discussions with consumers, employees,
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH management or competitors, and more formal
approaches through in-depth interviews, focus
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH
Grounded theory research is a research
CORRELATIONAL
CORRELATIONAL
approach designed to discover what problems exist
in a given social environment and how the persons
RESEARCH
RESEARCH involved handle them; it involves formulation,
testing, and reformulation of propositions until a
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
theory is developed.
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH Grounded theory is a research method that operates
almost in a reverse fashion from traditional research
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
and at first may appear to be in contradiction to
EXPLORATORY
RESEARCH.
thescientific method.
GROUNDED
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY
Four stages:
RESEARCH
RESEARCH..
1. Codes-Identifying anchors that allow the key points
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
of the data to be gathered
2. Concepts-Collections ofcodesof similar content
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
PHENOMENOLOGICAL that allows the data to be grouped
3. Categories-Broad groups of similarconceptsthat
RESEARCH
RESEARCH
are used to generate atheory
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
4. Theory-A collection of explanations that explain
the subject of the research (hypotheses)
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH
Historical researchis research involving
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
analysis of events that occurred in the remote
or recent past
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
Application
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH Historical research can show patterns that
EXPERIMENTAL
occurred in the past and over time which can help
RESEARCH
us to see where we came from and what kinds of
EXPLORATORY
RESEARCH. solutions we have used in the past.
Understanding this can add perspective on how we
GROUNDED
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY
examine current events and educational practices.
RESEARCH.
RESEARCH.
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH The steps involved in the conduct of historical
research
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
Here are the five steps:
RESEARCH
RESEARCH 1. Identification of the research topic and formulation
of the research problem or question.
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH 2. Data collection or literature review
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
3. Evaluation of materials
4. Data synthesis
5. Report preparation or preparation of the narrative
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH
Historical research gives a social scientist a better
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH context for making realistic decisions.
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
Strengths
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH Provides a comprehensive picture of historical
trends
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
Uses existing information
EXPLORATORY
RESEARCH.
Provides evidence of on-going trends and
problems
GROUNDED
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY
RESEARCH.
RESEARCH.
Limitations
Time-consuming
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH Resources may be hard to locate
Resources may be conflicting
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
PHENOMENOLOGICAL May not identify cause of a problem
RESEARCH
RESEARCH
Information may be incomplete, obsolete,
inconclusive, or inaccurate
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH Data restricted to what already exists
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
PHENOMENLOGICAL RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH
Phenomenological researchan inductive,
CORRELATIONAL
CORRELATIONAL
descriptive research approach developed from
phenomenological philosophy; its aim is to
RESEARCH
RESEARCH describe an experience as it is actually lived by
the person
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
ETHNOGRAPHIC
Phenomenology is concerned with the study of
RESEARCH
experience from the perspective of the individual,
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH bracketing taken-for-granted assumptions and
usual ways of perceiving.
EXPLORATORY
RESEARCH.
They are based in a paradigm of personal

GROUNDED
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY
knowledge and subjectivity, and emphasise the
RESEARCH.
RESEARCH. importance of personal perspective and
interpretation.
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
PHENOMENOLOGICAL As such they are powerful for understanding
RESEARCH
RESEARCH subjective experience, gaining insights into
peoples motivations and actions, and cutting
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH through the clutter of taken-for-granted
assumptions and conventional wisdom.
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH On a broader perspective, all
CORRELATIONAL
CORRELATIONAL researches can be classified into
RESEARCH
RESEARCH two groups:
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
EXPLORATORY
Qualitative Research
RESEARCH.
GROUNDED
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY
Quantitative Research
RESEARCH.
RESEARCH.
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
Qualitative research is research dealing with
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH phenomena that are difficult or impossible to quantify
mathematically, such as beliefs, meanings, attributes,
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH
and symbols
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
EXPLORATORY
RESEARCH. Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in-depth
GROUNDED
understanding of human behaviour and the
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY
reasons that govern such behaviour. The
RESEARCH.
RESEARCH. qualitative method investigates the why and how
of decision making, not just what, where, when.
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH Advantages
It enables more complex aspects of a persons
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
experience to be studied
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
Fewer restriction or assumptions are placed on
the data to be collected.
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH Not everything can be quantified, or quantified
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
easily, Individuals can be studied in more depth
Good for exploratory research and hypothesis
EXPLORATORY
RESEARCH. generation
The participants are able to provide data in their
GROUNDED
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY
own words and in their own way
RESEARCH.
RESEARCH.
Disadvantages
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
It is more difficult to determine the validity and
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
reliability of linguistic data
there is more subjectivity involved in analysing the
RESEARCH
RESEARCH
data.
Data overload open-ended questions can
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
sometimes createlotsof data, which can take along
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
time to analyse!
Time consuming
APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH Quantitative researchrefers to the systematic
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
empirical investigation of any phenomena via
statistical, mathematical or computational
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH techniques. The objective of quantitative research
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH
is to develop and employmathematical
models,theoriesand/orhypothesespertaining to
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH phenomena
Quantitative research is generally made
EXPLORATORY
RESEARCH. usingscientific methods, which can include:
GROUNDED
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY
The generation of models, theories and
RESEARCH.
RESEARCH. hypotheses
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH
The development of instruments and methods
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
PHENOMENOLOGICAL for measurement
RESEARCH
RESEARCH
Experimental control and manipulation
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH ofvariables
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH Collection of empirical data
Modelling and analysis of data

APPLIED
APPLIED RESEARCH
RESEARCH
BASIC
BASIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH Advantages
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
Quantitative research allows the researcher to
measure and analyse data.
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH The researcher is more objective about the
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH
findings of the research.
Quantitative research can be used to test
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH hypotheses in experiments because of its ability
EXPLORATORY
to measure data using statistics.
RESEARCH.
GROUNDED
GROUNDED THEORY
THEORY
RESEARCH.
Disadvantages
RESEARCH.
The main disadvantage of quantitative research
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH is the context of the study or experiment is
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
ignored.
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
Quantitative research does not study things in a
RESEARCH
RESEARCH natural setting or discuss the meaning things
QUALITATIVE
have for different people.
RESEARCH
A large sample of the population must be
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH studied for more accurate results
THANK YOU

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VARIOUS TYPES OF

The systematic, rigorous investigation

Applied research refers to scientific study and

For example, applied researchers may

The IV is the predictor variable whereas the DV is

Exploratory researchis a type

They are based in a paradigm of personal

Modelling and analysis of data

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