Theories of Counseling: Behavioral Approaches: Powerpoint Produced by Melinda Haley, M.S., New Mexico State University

Theories of Counseling:
Behavioral Approaches
PowerPoint produced by Melinda Haley, M.S., New Mexico State University.
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:
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Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

Development of Behavioral Approaches
John Locke: Blank Slate
John Watson: Learned Neuroses
B. F. Skinner: Operant Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov: Classical Conditioning

Basic Principles
Reinforcement: Rewards and Punishments.
Shaping: Working with small, incremental changes.
Measurement: Objective, measurable outcomes.
Action: Dwells more on behaviors than thoughts.

Albert Ellis/Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
Theoretical Constructs and Techniques
Focuses on dysfunctional, irrational, unrealistic and distorted

thoughts.
Feelings and behavior are also addressed.
Unconditional acceptance is important.
Ellis also believed in authenticity.
Clients are encouraged to think rationally.

Philosophy and Beliefs
Understanding belief systems is important.
Belief systems are organized ways of thinking about reality.
Belief systems affect ones self-view.
The language a client uses, will speak to their philosophy and belief
system.

Philosophy and Beliefs (continued)

Clients create their own emotional disturbances by believing in absolute
and irrational beliefs.
Clients can choose their belief system.
Counselors can help clients by identifying irrational beliefs and helping
the client find meaning in their lives.
Beliefs Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

Identifying Irrational Thinking
Helpless thinking is the result of irrational thinking.
It usually includes all or nothing statements.
It usually includes the words should, ought, never and must.

Identifying Irrational Thinking (continued)
Five common irrational or dysfunctional ideas:
Life isnt fair.

Its awful.
I cant stand it.
I must get what I want.
Im incompetent.

A-B-C-D-E-F
A = The activating event.

B = The irrational belief about the event.
C = The emotional consequence.
D = Disputing the irrational beliefs.
E = The emotional effect of disputing the belief.
F = New feelings and behavior.

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy and Multiculturalism
The therapy fails to address contextual-situational factors that adversely

impact clients lives.
REBT uses the ethnocentric approach to mental health care.
Does not focus on the phenomenological experience of the client.
Does not address the different ways irrational beliefs are manifested by
the culturally different.

William Glasser/Reality Therapy/Choice Theory
The Basics
Instead of seeking to change behavior, Reality Therapy works on

changing awareness of responsibility.
Once responsibility is acknowledged by the client, it is then possible

to work on behavior change.
The locus of the decision is placed on the client.

The Basics
The Reality therapist might borrow skills, techniques or ideas from other
theories if it benefits the client.
The Reality therapist will be himself or herself, use humor, sarcasm and
confrontation in personal ways to assist the client in greater
understanding.
Role-playing, systematic planning, and teaching intentional living are all

important in Reality Therapy.

w er Behavioral Approaches
Po William Glasser/Reality Therapy/Choice Theory
The Basics
The client has control over his or her life, choices and personhood.
There is no need to explore a clients past because the past is over

and the clients problems occur in the present.
Reality therapy puts the power into the clients hands and shows the
client how he or she can help himself or herself.

The Basics
The client and counselor explores the clients wants and needs.
It focuses on conscious, planned behavior.
The therapy focuses on responsibility and choice.
Trust and the relationship between client and counselor are critical.

ces
Behavioral Approaches q u en
ns e
Co
The Basics
Since it is often used in institutions, the counselors communication of

trust, warmth, respect and caring is especially important.
Reality therapy helps clients look at the consequences of their own
actions.
This therapy is often used in settings other than the counseling office
(e.g. playground or detention center) and is practiced by those other
than counselors (e.g. teacher and prison guard).

Thoughts
William Glasser/Reality Therapy//Choice Theory
Cognitive Aspects of Reality Therapy
Reality therapy aids the client in examining the types of thoughts he or

she has about himself or herself and the external world.
It helps clients exert control over their own actions, lives, choices and
feelings.
Clients choose misery and symptoms. This becomes a way a client has
of dealing with the world (e.g. depressing, headaching).

There are negative additions (e.g. drugs, stealing) and positive

addictions (e.g. walking, meditation).
We choose our addictions and therefore our fate.
Reality therapy helps clients to: Explore their wants and how that relates
to their needs; look at what they are doing to meet those needs; evaluate
behaviors in relationship to those needs and helps the client plan to
change behavior to more effectively meet needs.

There are negative additions (e.g. drugs, stealing) and positive

addictions (e.g. walking, meditation).
We choose our addictions and therefore our fate.
Reality therapy helps clients to: Explore their wants and how that relates
to their needs; look at what they are doing to meet those needs; evaluate
behaviors in relationship to those needs and helps the client plan to
change behavior to more effectively meet needs.

Reality Therapy and Multiculturalism
Many of the tenets of Reality therapy fits well with other cultures.
Helping the client explore wants and needs keeps the focus on the clients
values and concerns within the clients cultural context.
Reality therapy challenges the client to see the self in relationship to his or
her context. This includes the clients cultural context.

Donald Meichenbaums Ten Central Tenets of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Behavior is reciprocal between a clients thoughts, feelings, psychological

processes and resultant consequences.
Cognitions do not cause emotional difficulty.
Counselors help clients understand how they construct and construe reality.
CBT therapists dissuade from the rationalist or objectivist position.
There is an emphasis on collaboration with the client.

Donald Meichenbaums Ten Central Tenets of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
(continued)
Relapse prevention is central to cognitive behavioral therapy.
The client/therapist relationship is critical for change to occur.
Emotions play a critical role in cognitive-behavioral therapy.
CBT is used with couples and families.
CBT can be used in a variety of setting with a variety of issues.

Applied Behavioral Analysis: Central Constructs
Client-counselor relationship is imperative and counselors exhibit high

levels of empathy, self-congruence and interpersonal contact. The
relationship is collaborative and relationship variables differ according to
client and culture.
Operationalization of Behavior: Focuses on the concreteness and specifics

of behavior. Vagueness is transformed into objective, observable actions.
Functional Analysis: The ABCs of behavior. An individual's behavior is

directly related to events and stimuli in the environment.

Applied Behavioral Analysis: Central Constructs
Reinforcement: Behavior develops and maintains itself through a

system of punishments and rewards.
Goals: These are designed to make specific behavioral changes.

Goals are concrete, specific, observable and measurable.

Resources
Ivey, A. E., DAndrea, M., Ivey, M. B. and Morgan, L. S. (2002). Theories of counseling
and psychotherapy: A multicultural perspective, 5 th ed. Boston, MA.: Allyn &
Bacon.
James, R. K. & Gilliland, B. E. (2003). Theories and strategies in counseling and

psychotherapy, 5th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Kottler, J. A. (2002). Theories in counseling and therapy: An experiential approach.

Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

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Theories of Counseling:

PowerPoint produced by Melinda Haley, M.S., New Mexico State University.

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

John Locke: Blank Slate

John Watson: Learned Neuroses

B. F. Skinner: Operant Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov: Classical Conditioning

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

Reinforcement: Rewards and Punishments.

Shaping: Working with small, incremental changes.

Measurement: Objective, measurable outcomes.

Action: Dwells more on behaviors than thoughts.

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

Theoretical Constructs and Techniques

Focuses on dysfunctional, irrational, unrealistic and distorted

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

Philosophy and Beliefs

Understanding belief systems is important.

Belief systems are organized ways of thinking about reality.

Belief systems affect ones self-view.

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

Philosophy and Beliefs (continued)

Beliefs Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

Identifying Irrational Thinking

Helpless thinking is the result of irrational thinking.

It usually includes all or nothing statements.

It usually includes the words should, ought, never and must.

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

Identifying Irrational Thinking (continued)

Five common irrational or dysfunctional ideas:

Life isnt fair.

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

A = The activating event.

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

The therapy fails to address contextual-situational factors that adversely

REBT uses the ethnocentric approach to mental health care.

Does not focus on the phenomenological experience of the client.

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

Instead of seeking to change behavior, Reality Therapy works on

Once responsibility is acknowledged by the client, it is then possible

The locus of the decision is placed on the client.

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

Role-playing, systematic planning, and teaching intentional living are all

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

There is no need to explore a clients past because the past is over

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

It focuses on conscious, planned behavior.

The therapy focuses on responsibility and choice.

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

Since it is often used in institutions, the counselors communication of

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

Cognitive Aspects of Reality Therapy

Reality therapy aids the client in examining the types of thoughts he or

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

Cognitive Aspects of Reality Therapy

There are negative additions (e.g. drugs, stealing) and positive

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

Cognitive Aspects of Reality Therapy