Group 14 :C,Si,Ge,Sn,Pb

Variation In Physical Prop.

Element C Si Ge Sn Pb
Proton 6 14 32 50 82
Number

•Descending the group, size increase, effective nuclear charge decrease.

•1st ionisation energy decrease because decrease in e.n.c.
•Electronegativity decrease , radius increase, ability to attract electron
decrease.
•Electrical conductivity increase, properties of element change from non-
metals to metals.
•High M.B points due to giant covalent structure.
•M.B points decrease from C to Ge: Strength of covalent bond C>Si>Ge
 Oxidation State Of +2 and +4
• Element in group 14 form 2 state: +2 and +4
• Grp 14 have valence ns2 np2, +2 state involve s orbital, +4 involve s
and p orbitals.
• +4 state is stable for element at top of the group:CO2, SiO2, GeO2 and
SnO2.
• +2 state is stable for element at bottom of the group like PbO2.
• Sn2+ and Ge2+ are reducing agent due to tendency to be oxidised to
Sn4+ and Ge4+.
• Pb2+ are oxidising agent because Pb4+ has tendency to reduced to
Pb2+.
• Element which form tetrahydride(XH4) and tetrachloride (XCl4) are
covalent. They undergo sp3 hybridisation.
 Tetrachloride of Grp 14

• All element in grp 14 form tetrachloride(XCl4). It is a covalent bond

and the intermolecular forces are van der waals force.
• Bigger the size ,higher the boiling point. Tetrachloride are volatile
liquids at room temp.
• Thermal stability decrease when going down the grp due to X-Cl
bond increase, making it weaker.
• All grp 14 tetrachloride (except CCl4) can hydrolysed to hydroxyl
compounds and HCl.
• Rx mechanism of silicon(listen to me)
• CCl4 cant undergo hydrolysis because it don’t have empty d orbital.
All s and p orbital are used to form sp3.
Chlorofluorocarbon Compounds

• The C-Cl bond is weakest because it is a long covalent bond,it

undergo homolytic fission.

Oxides Of Grp 14
• Group 14 can form 2 types of oxide
1. Monoxides, XO with oxidation +2
2. Dioxides, XO2 with oxidation +4
 Relative Stability Of +2 and +4 Oxidation
state
• +2 state for carbon, silicon, germanium are mostly covalent whereas
tin and lead are more ionic.
• +4 state normally is covalent and not ionic. This is because i.e to
remove 4 electron is very high.
• Elements with big proton no. like lead is less likely to use 2 electron
from s orbital to be shared. This is inert pair effect.
• Increase in atomic size going down the group causes the covalent
bond become weaker. So, energy released when bond are formed
are not enough to excite the s electron to f orbital.
 Coordination Number and Catenation
• Coordination number refer no. of donor atom or ligands which
surround central atom in complex ion.
• Bond btw a ligand and central atom are dative bond.
• Silicon, germanium, tin and lead form complex ion with coordination
no of six. These element use empty d orbital to receive lone pair.
• Carbon don’t form complex ion because it only has 2s and 2p
orbital. So, it can form octet configuration by forming 4 covalent
bond.
 Catenation
• The ability of an element to form bonds between atoms of the same
element in chain form.
• Carbon undergo catenation with single, double or triple covalent
bonds. This happen because carbon has high bond energy(C-C)
• Silicon don’t form catenation because Si-Si bond is weak compared
to carbon.
• Germanium, tin and lead don’t form catenated compounds.