SEJARAH DAN

PERKEMBANGAN REPUBLIK
RAKYAT CHINA

G I A AY U F I TA , M . S I
THE PEOPLES
REPUBLIC OF CHINA

China is bounded to the

east and south by the
Pacific Ocean,
to the southwest and west
by the massive Himalaya
and Pamir mountain
ranges,
the north by steppe lands
and the desolate
terrains of Siberia
BASIC FACTS

Total Area: 9,596,960 sq km

Border Countries: Afghanistan 91 km, Bhutan 477 km, Burma
2,129 km, India 2,659 km, Kazakhstan 1,765 km, North Korea
1,352 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,063 km, Laos 475 km, Mongolia 4,630
km, Nepal 1,389 km, Pakistan 438 km, Russia (northeast)
4,133 km, Russia (northwest) 46 km, Tajikistan 477 km,
Vietnam 1,297 km
regional borders:Hong Kong 33 km, Macau 3 km
 Population : 1,367,485,388 (July 2015 est.)
Ethnic Groups: Han Chinese 91.6%, Zhuang
1.3%, other (includes Hui, Manchu, Uighur,
Miao, Yi, Tujia, Tibetan, Mongol, Dong, Buyei,
Yao, Bai, Korean, Hani, Li, Kazakh, Dai and
other nationalities) 7.1%
EARLY IMPERIAL CHINA:
QIN DYNASTY
Qin (pronounced cheen) prevailed
militarily over all other states and
unified China under its rule in 221
B.C
Emperor Qin Shihuang, (Shihuang
Di) was destined to emerge
victorious against all other states
and unify China under an imperial
system
 He standardized ideology by making Legalism the Qins
guiding thought and
outlawing all other schools of thought. His adamantly anti-
intellectual state regarded Taoists and Confucians as
subversive
Legalism is it was more of a statecraft or real politic, a
technique for keeping a ruler in power, his nation strong,
and his population obedient and submissive
HAN DYNASTY

In 202 B.C. Liu Bang became

the founding emperor of the
Han dynasty, a regime that
endured until A.D. 220
Liu Bang is one of Two great
rebel alliances emerged, and
by 206 the Qin was deposed
and its capital city sacked.
China was well rid of a harsh
dynasty and totalitarian
government
 Liu Bang is remembered for understanding the
importance of relying on competent and educated men
for advice and expertise in government and for
ameliorating some of the harshest Qin excesses
A major uprising called the Yellow Turban Rebellion, which
broke out in A.D. 186, nearly succeeded in overthrowing
the Han. The problem is Classsic: Landlordism
 THREE KINGDOMS

The brief unification of theJin Dynastywas broken by

the uprising of the Five Barbarians. In 581 CE, China
was reunited under theSui. However, the Sui Dynasty
declined following its defeat in theGoguryeo-Sui War
(598614)
 THE SUI DYNASTY

The first Sui emperor was, unfortunately, succeeded by his

megalomaniacal son, Sui Yangdi, who is second only to Qin Shihuang
(589618 A.D)
Yangdi squandered national resources on huge, unsuccessful military
campaigns to attack Korea
In 617 he attacked the Turks; this action also ended disastrously for
the Sui and almost resulted in Yangdis capture
A Sui official assassinated Yangdi in 618, and Li Yuan created his own
dynasty, the Tang, which was to last for almost 300 years
 TANG DYNASTY
The Tang had a huge territory that extended in
a long arm out along the Silk Road into Central
Asia, and, also like the Han, the Tang managed
for a time to defeat the northern barbarians
and extend their domination over them
The Tang had a series of competent and
energetic emperors, one of whom was a
woman, Empress Wu, who usurped the throne
at the end of the seventh century and reigned
for 23 years over the dynasty, which she
 SONG DYNASTY

Lasting unity over most of Chinas historical territory

was finally achieved in 960 by Zhao Kuangyin, who
became the founding emperor of the Song dynasty
(9601279) is known in Chinese history as Song Taizu
His dynasty lasted for over 300 years when it was
overthrown by the Mongol descendants of Chinggis
Khan in 1279
 One of Taizus steps in securing his power over
China internally was to reign in the military
the Song was a weak dynasty militarily. The
traditional Chinese assessment of the dynasty
is succinct and to the point: heavy on civilian
government, light on the military
 By weakening the horizontal ties between
ministries and strengthening the vertical
ties between them and himself, Taizu consolidated
his own power over the government bureaucracy
The Song was externally weaker and internally
stronger than any previous major dynasty
 FROM MONGOL CONQUEST TO MING
DYNASTY ESTABLISHMENT
In the 13th century, China wasgradually conquered by the
Mongol Empire.
In 1271, theMongol leader, Kubilai Khan established
theYuan Dynasty
The Mongols ultimately failed to maintain order in China and
contributed to many of the late Yuans problems, including
inflation, unemployment, neglect of water conservation
projects, and botched famine relief efforts
 MING DYNASTY

Zhu Yuanzhang was the first commoner since Liu Bang, the
founding emperor of the Han dynasty
He had established a regime in Nanjing by 1367, and the
next year he moved northward to Beijing, where he defeated
the Mongol rulers
The next threat to Ming China came from the Eastern
Mongols, who could lay claim to the lineage of Chinggis Khan
 MANCHU DYNASTY

By 1600, the threat to China was no longer the Mongols but

the Manchus
In 1644, when a peasant rebel named Li Zicheng entered
Beijing, the last Ming emperor committed suicide. This paved
the way for the Manchu conquest of China
the Manchus claimed that they had come to restore order in
Beijing and in all of China. They named their dynasty Qing
and remained in power until 1911
 The Manchurian Qing was one of Chinas greatest
dynasties.
Eighteenth-century China was the wealthiest, most
powerful, and most populous nation in the world, and
Europeans often idolized China and outdid themselves
for the privilege of trading with the Chinese
REVOLUTION AND
REPUBLIC
Sun Yat-sen, a Chinese patriot and medical
doctor born in Guangdong province in 1866
By 1895 he had abandoned his medical
practice, and he went to Canton and Hong
Kong to foment revolutionary
sentiment
He remained in Britain until late 1897 where
he formulated the ideology for his revolution:
the Three Principles of the People, or
nationalism, socialism, and democracy
 The uprising that touched off the revolution instead of
being crushed as just another rebellion occurred on
October 10, 1911, in the city of Wuhan, Hubei
province
Republican revolutionaries were in control of the city
by noon, and two weeks later a neighboring province,
Hunan, announced its break with the Qing
 Other provinces quickly followed suit, and
by December 1911, more than half of
China had declared its independence from
the Qing government
After the success of the October 1911
revolution, Sun did not insist on becoming
the president of the new Republic of China
himself, but turned the presidency over to
Yuan Shikai on February 2, 1912
 China needed more than an end to the ancient regime to become a
functional republic: it needed a stable and functional government,
which unfortunately neither Sun nor Yuan could provide
Yuan died in 1916 and did little to prevent China from sliding into a
decade of regional warlordism, Sun died a disappointed and
frustrated man in 1925, before his dream of seeing China unified
under a strong and modern republican government could be
realized