Process of immediate inference

- deriving another proposition with

the same meaning but of different
quantity or quality or both
1
2
3
4
 1
Changing the quality of the subject
and predicate without changing the
quantity and meaning

Applicable to all propositions: A, E, I, O

Obvertend
Obverse
1) Change the QUALITY of the given
proposition
2) Change the PREDICATE into its
contradictory (immediately opposed
contrary) term
3) Retain the subject and quantity of the
given proposition
 All philosophers are rational.

1 No philosophers are rational.

2 No philosophers are non-rational.

No philosophers are non-rational.

 Not all teachers in MCL are females.
Some animals are endangered species.
Not all birds have feathers.
Every lecture is helpful to students.
Some papers are not colored.
No bag is a wallet.
All papers are yellow.
 2
Transforming the position of the
subject and predicate
Two types: Simple Conversion
Accidental Conversion
Convertend
Converse
 Only applicable to I-prop and E-prop
1) Transpose the subject and the predicate
2) Retain the subject and quantity of the
given proposition
 No dog is a cat.

No cat is a dog.

Some philosophers are rational.

Some rational thinkers are

philosophers.
 Some teachers are males.
No man is a woman.

Some animals are mammals.

No black is white.

Some adults are vegetarians.

Some milk are pure.

 Only applicable to A-prop
**this is a conversion from A to I
1) Transpose the subject and the predicate
2) Change the quantity from universal to
particular
3) Retain the affirmative quality
 All bananas are fruits.

Some fruits are bananas.

 All infants are sensitive beings.
All teachers are persons devoted to
their work.
All computers are expensive gadgets.
All buildings are tall.
All diamonds are expensive.
All polygons are squares.
 3
A combination of obversion and
conversion
Two types: Partial
Full
An I-prop has no partial contraposition
Contraponend
Contraposit
 Obversion then conversion
1) Obvert the given proposition
2) Convert the obverse of the given
proposition
 All philosophers are rational.

1.1 No philosophers are rational.

1.2 No philosophers are non rational (irrational).

1 No philosophers are irrational.

2 No irrational thinkers are

philosophers.
 No male is a nun.
All men are priests.
All Christians are theists.
No college students are illiterate.
Some Filipinos are not wealthy
individuals.
 To get the full contraposition, obvert the
partial contraposit of the given
proposition
1) Obvert the given proposition
2) Convert the obverse of the given
proposition
3) Obvert the converse of the obverse of
the given proposition
 All birds are animals.

1 No birds are non-animals.

2 No non-animals are birds.

3 All non-animals are non-birds.

 Every diagram is a visual aid.
Not all MCL students reside in Cabuyao.

All politicans are corrupt officials.

Some lawyers are not honest
professionals.
All artists are nature lovers.
 4
Process of getting the equivalent
proposition wherein the given
proposition undergoes a series of
obversions and conversion
Two types: Simple
Complete
Invertend
Inverse
 Process of inferring a new proposition:
the subject is the contradictory

1) Change the SUBJECT of the original

proposition to its contradictory
2) Change the UNIVERSAL to PARTICULAR
3) Change the quality
4) Retain the original predicate
 All priests are males.

1 All non-priests are males.

2 Some non-priests are males.

3 Some non-priests are not males.

 No male is a nun.
No wives are single.
No college students are illiterate.
All Christians are theists.
 Process of inferring a new proposition:
the subject and predicate are the
contradictory
1) Change the SUBJECT and PREDICATE of
the original proposition to its
contradictory
2) Change the quantity from UNIVERSAL to
PARTICULAR
3) Retain the quality
 No books are pens.

1 No non-books are non-pens.

2 Some non-books are not non-pens.

All Muslims are non-Christians.
All books are readable.
No person is immortal.
All gifts are wrapped.