INSY2041 Computer Organization and Architecture

Chapter One: Digital logic and digital systems

lecture 01: Overview and history of computer architecture

Summer Jul 24, 2017

Department of Information System College of Computing

1 Debre Berhan University

Belesti Y.

Belesti Yenegeta, DBU, College of Computing

2 What is expected of you?
Attend class and participate
Be a hero ask stupid questions
Do the work the homework and project are more than half your
grade for a reason, doing them is the heart of the course
Things arent always as simple as they look the devil is in the
details
Dont procrastinate
Take initiative to follow up on your interests
Dont cheat: follow code of conduct

Belesti Yenegeta, DBU, College of Computing

3 Why Study Computer Architecture and Organization?
The computer lies at the heart of computing.
Without it most of the computing disciplines today would be a
branch of theoretical mathematics.
To be a professional in any field of computing today, one should not
regard the computer as just a black box that executes programs by
magic.
All students of computing should acquire some understanding and
appreciation of a computers system functional components, their
characteristics, their performance, and their interactions.
You need to understand computer architecture in order to structure a
program so that it runs more efficiently on a real machine.
Belesti Yenegeta, DBU, College of Computing
4 Contd
In selecting a system to use, you should be able to understand the
tradeoff among various components, such as CPU clock speed vs
memory size.
Computer architecture is concerned with all aspects of the design
and organization of the CPU and the integration of the CPU into the
computer system itself.
Architecture extends upward into computer software because a
processors architecture must cooperate with the operating system
and system software.
It is difficult to design an operating system well without knowledge
of the underlying architecture.

Belesti Yenegeta, DBU, College of Computing

5 Objectives
Differentiate computer organization and computer architecture
Differentiate between computer structure and computer function
Explain the main functions of a computer
List and briefly define the main structural components of a computer
List and briefly define the main structural components of a
processor
Know the course scope

Belesti Yenegeta, DBU, College of Computing

6 Architecture and Organization
Architecture refers to those attributes of a system visible to the
programmer, or put another way, those attributes that have a direct impact
on the logical execution of a program.
Instruction set, number of bits used to represent various data types
(e.g., numbers, characters), I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques
e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
Organization refers to the operational units and their interconnections that
realize the architectural specifications. It is how features are implemented
Hardware details transparent to the programmer, such as Control
signals, interfaces, memory technology
e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated
addition?
Belesti Yenegeta, DBU, College of Computing
7 Contd
All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture
The IBM System/370 family share the same basic
architecture
This gives code compatibility
At least backwards
Organization differs between different versions

Belesti Yenegeta, DBU, College of Computing

8 Structure and function
Structure refers to the way in which components relate to each
other.
Function is the operation of individual components as part of
the structure.
In terms of description, we have two choices: starting at the
bottom and building up to a complete description, or beginning
with a top view and decomposing the system into subparts.
Evidence from a number of field suggests that the top-down
approach is the clearest and most effective [WEIN75]

Belesti Yenegeta, DBU, College of Computing

9 Function
All computer functions are:
Data processing
Data storage
Data movement
Control

Belesti Yenegeta, DBU, College of Computing

10 Functional view of the computer

Belesti Yenegeta, DBU, College of Computing

11 Operations - data movement

Belesti Yenegeta, DBU, College of Computing

12 Operations - storage

Belesti Yenegeta, DBU, College of Computing

13 Operations processing from/to storage

Belesti Yenegeta, DBU, College of Computing

14 Operations processing from storage to I/O

Belesti Yenegeta, DBU, College of Computing

15 Structure Top Level
Peripherals
Computer

CPU Main
Memory

Computer Systems
interconnection

Input
Output
Communication lines

Belesti Yenegeta, DBU, College of Computing

16 Structure - The CPU
CPU

Arithmetic
Registers and
Computer Logic Unit

I/O
Internal CPU
System CPU Interconnection
Bus

Memory

Control
Unit

Belesti Yenegeta, DBU, College of Computing

17 Structure - The Control Unit
Control Unit

Sequencing
Logic
CPU
ALU Control Unit
Internal
Control Registers and
Unit
Bus Decoders
Registers

Control
Memory

Belesti Yenegeta, DBU, College of Computing

18 Course Scopecntd

High Level Language Level

(e.g. C++, Java)

Assembly Language Level

Operating System Level Software

(e.g. Windows, Linux, iOS)

Instruction Set Architecture

Level (computer instructions)
Microarchitecture Level
(registers, ALU, control unit, memory)

Digital Logic Level Hardware

(gates, flip-flops)
Belesti Yenegeta, DBU, College of Computing