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NOR ZAMIRA BINTI OTHMAN
013-7924844
norzamira@tvet.pmj.edu.my
 CHAPTER 1:
THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
SUMMARY: This topic introduces computer architecture and
computer organization, concepts of cache memory and Input / Output
in computer system

1.1 The Computer System

3
1. Define computer architecture and computer
organization
2. Describe the concept of interconnection within a
computer system as follows:
Interconnection structures
Bus interconnection

4
Basic computer
• An electronic device, operating under the control of
instructions stored in its own memory unit, that can
accept data (input), manipulate the data according to
specified rules (process), produce information
(output) from the processing, and store the results
for future use.

• It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data.

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 COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
vs
COMPUTER ORGANISATION

Analogy :

To build a house you may contact an architect who will give you the
sketch /plan of a house. Then to build that design you will contact a
contractor.

Creating a design of a house can be considered as Computer

Architecture, where as building the house can be considered as
Computer Organization.
Definition - What does Computer
Architecture mean?

• Computer architecture is a specification detailing how a

set of software and hardware technology standards
interact to form a computer system or platform.
• The science of integrating those components to achieve
a level of functionality and performance.
• Refers to how a computer system is designed and what
technologies it is compatible with.
 COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

Von Neumann model still used by most types of computers today since 1945

It describes the design of an electronic computer with its CPU, which includes the
arithmetic logic unit, control unit, registers, memory for data and instructions, an
input/output interface and external storage functions
Definition - What does Computer
Organisation mean?

• Computer Organization is concerned with the

structure and behaviour of a computer system as
seen by the user.
Scenario
• Forexample, both Intel and AMD processors have
the same X86 architecture, but how the two
companies implement that architecture (their
computer organizations) is usually very different.

• The same programs run correctly on both, because

the architecture is the same, but they may run at
different speeds, because the organizations are
different.
 Computer Architecture
What to do ( Instruction set)
deals with high-level design
issues. ( System & computer)
Functional behaviour
Helps us to understand the
functionalities of a system.
In designing of computer : is
considered first.
Architecture involves Logic
(Instruction sets, Addressing modes,
usage of register, Data types, number
bit used, Cache optimization)
Computer Organisation
How to do ? ( implement of
architecture)
deals with low-level design issues
( logic & circuit)
Structural relationship
tells us how exactly all the units in the
system are arranged and
interconnected.
An organization is based on the
architecture decisions.
Expresses the realization of
architecture.
Organization involves Physical
Components (Circuit design, Adders,
Signals, Peripherals)
 Computer Architecture
It acts as the interface between
hardware and software.
Architecture may maintained for
hundred years such John Von
Neumann architecture. ( still
used until today)-since 1945
Computer Organisation
It deals with the components of a
connection in a system.
Organisation may change as rapid
changes of technology
-one computer model, for
example Intel x86; may
maintained its architecture but
differ in its organization
 Suppose you are in a company that
manufactures cars, design and all low-level
details of the car come under computer
architecture (abstract, programmers view),

while making it’s parts piece by piece and

connecting together the different components
of that car by keeping the basic design in mind
comes under computer organization (physical
and visible).
 What is differences between computer
organization and computer architecture
 Identify the characteristics below is refer to computer architecture or computer
organisation.

involves with Physical Components helps us to understand

(Circuit design, Adders, Signals, the functionalities of a
Peripherals) system.
CO CA

concerned with the structure and may maintained for

behaviour of a computer system as seen hundred years
by the user. CA
CO
A programmer can view in terms of
deals with high-level
instructions, addressing modes and design issues.
registers. CA
CA
It acts as the interface between
hardware and software.
CA
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
•A computer is a complex system. Contemporary
computers contain millions of elementary electronic
components. Can anyone clearly describe them?

• Computer consist set of interrelated subsystems. At

each level, the designer is concerned with structure and
function.

• Structure: The way in which the components are

interrelated.
• Function: The operation of each individual component
as part of the structure.
• The computer interacts with its external
environment.
• Allof its linkages to the external environment can be
classified as peripheral devices or communication
lines.

The Computer
Computer top level structure

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Main structural/ basic components of computer:
 Central processing unit (CPU):
Controls the operation of the computer and
performs its data processing functions; known as
processor.

 Main memory: Stores data and program.

 I/O: Moves data between the computer and

its external environment.

 System interconnection:
Some mechanism that provides for
communication among CPU, main memory, and
I/O.

A common example of system interconnection is

by means of a system bus, consisting of a
number of conducting wires to which all the other
components attach.
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 The major structural components of CPU:
1. Control unit: Controls all the operation of the CPU .
The CU determines the sequence in which computer
programs and instruction are executed.

2. Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): Performs the

computer’s data processing functions. Such as
performs arithmetic/ logic computations, Example of
arithmetic operation is - +, -, x, / and perform Logical
Operation – AND, OR, NOT.

3. Registers: Provides internal storage to the CPU. It is

fast internal storage and used to temporarily store
addresses, data, and processor status.

4. CPU interconnection/ internal bus: Some

mechanism that provides for communication among
the control unit, ALU, and registers.

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Name basic components of computer system.

Explain the function of each components

Name basic components of CPU

Explain the function of each components

 1.1.2 DESCRIBE THE
CONCEPT OF
INTERCONNECTION WITHIN
A COMPUTER SYSTEM
INTERCONNECTION STRUCTURE
• The interconnection structure is the collection of paths
connecting the various modules/ component.
Basic organization / block diagram of computer system
 Basic organization of computer system

INPUT MAIN MEMORY OUTPUT

UNIT UNIT

CPU

CONTROL UNIT

ALU

REGISTER
Major operations of computer system:

1. The input operation feeding in the data and instruction to

the computer from devices such as keyboard or mouse.
( done by input unit)
2. The processing operation manipulates data according to
the user’s instructions. ( done by processing unit)
3. The output operation sends data to output devices such as
to the video screen or printer. ( done by output unit)
4. The storing operation keeps track of files for use later.
Examples of storage devices include flash memory and hard
drives. (done by storage unit)
5. The control operation -The process of input, output,
processing and storage is performed under the supervision
of Control Unit’. (done by control unit)
Input Operation
• The process of entering data into a computer.
• Any hardware component that allows you to enter
data, programs, commands, and user responses into
a computer.
• Input Device Examples
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Joystick
 Microphone
 scanner
 Webcam
 Touchpads
 Barcode reader
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Output Operation
• Process of producing results from the data for getting useful
information.
• The result could either be displayed on the screen or may be printed
for future reference
• Outputdevices make the information resulting from processing
available for use
• Output Device Examples
• Printers
• Plotter
• Display Devices
• CRT
• LCD
• Speaker
• Projector
• Film Recorder

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Both Input–Output Devices
• Touch Screen
• Headsets (Headset consists of Speakers and Microphone.
Speaker act Output Device and Microphone act as Input
device)
• Facsimile (FAX)
(It has scanner to scan the document and also have printer to Print

the document)
Processing Operation
• Before
actual processing start, data & instructions entered to the
computer must be stored somewhere inside the computer.

• Thetask done in processing unit is like arithmetic, logical and

comparison operation .

• CPU (central processing unit) takes data and instructions from the
storage unit and makes all sorts of calculations based on the
instructions given and type of data provided.

• The result would be sent back to the storage unit and output unit.

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Storing operation
• The process of saving data and instructions into
memory.

• The storage unit performs the following major functions:

i. All data and instructions are stored here before and after
processing
ii. Intermediate results of processing are also stored here.

• Removable
• Floppy disk, or diskette
• Compact Disc CD-R, CD-RW, CD-ROM
• DVDs – DVD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD-RAM
• Zip disk
• Flash disk/USB drive
• Tape
• Non-Removable
• Hard disk
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Control Operation
• The operation of inputting, outputting, storing and,
processing is performed under the supervision of control unit.

• It decides when to start receiving data, when to stop it,

where to store data, etc.

• It takes care of step-by-step processing of all operations

inside the computer.

•A control unit manages the computer’s resources (such as

CPU, main memory, hard disk, video card etc) and organize
the performance of its functional parts in response to those
instructions.
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Explain five major operations performed by a computer system.
State two input ,output and both input output devices according to the
categories.
The process of producing results from the data for getting useful
information is called
a)Output b)input c)processing d)storage

The storage unit holds:

a. data to be processed b. intermediate result c. both of above d. none of
above

After completion of processing, the final results are sent to the _____ before it goes
to output device.
a. Monitor b. Printer c. Storage d. ALU

The unit that manages and co-ordinates the whole system is

a. Input Unit b. CPU c. ALU d. Control unit
 DESCRIBE THE CONCEPT OF
INTERCONNECTION
WITHIN A COMPUTER SYSTEM

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 Interconnection Structures
•A computer consists of a set of components (CPU,memory,I/O) that
communicate with each other.

• Interconnection
structure is the collection of paths connecting the
various modules.
Cont…
 Wide arrows represent
multiple signal lines carrying
multiple bits of information in
parallel.

 Narrow arrow represents a

single signal line.

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• Memory:

• Typically,a memory module will consist of N words of equal length.

• Each word is assigned a unique numerical address (0, 1, . . . ,N –
1).
• A word of data can be read from or written into the memory.
• The nature of the operation is indicated by read and write control
signals.
• The location for the operation is specified by an address.

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• I/O module:
• There are two operations, read and write.
• An I/O module may control more than one external device.
• We can refer to each of the interfaces to an external device as a port
and give each a unique address (e.g., 0, 1, . . . ,M– 1).
• There are external data paths for the input and output of data with an
external device.
• Finally, an I/O module may be able to send interrupt signals to the
CPU.

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CPU:
• The CPU reads in instructions and data, writes out data after
processing, and uses control signals to control the overall operation
of the system.
• It also receives interrupt signals

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Type of transfers

• Memory to CPU

• CPU to Memory

• I/O to CPU

• CPU to I/O

• I/O to or from Memory (DMA)

 Types of transfers:
• Memory to CPU: The CPU reads an
instruction or data from memory.
• CPU to memory: The CPU writes a data
to memory.
• I/Oto CPU: The CPU reads data from an
I/O device via an I/O module.
• CPU to I/O: The CPU sends/write data to
the I/O device.
• I/Oto or from memory: For these two
cases, an I/O module is allowed to The interconnection
exchange data directly with memory, structure must support
without going through the CPU, using the types of transfers.
direct memory access (DMA).

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Determine the either read or write operation occur in below
data transfer ?
Memory to CPU: The CPU ______ an instruction or data from memory.

CPU to memory: The CPU ________a data to memory.

I/O to CPU: The CPU ________ data from an I/O device via an I/O module.

CPU to I/O: The CPU _________data to the I/O device.

BUS INTERCONNECTION

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BUS INTERCONNECTION
•A bus is a communication pathway connecting two or
more devices.

•Akey characteristic of a bus is that it is a shared transmission

medium.

• A bus consists of multiple communication pathways, or lines.

• Eachline is capable of transmitting signals representing binary

1 and binary 0.

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BUS INTERCONNECTION
• A sequence of bits can be transmit across a single line.

• Several lines can be used to transmit bits simultaneously (in

parallel).

• A bus that connects major components (CPU, Memory, I/O) is

called System Bus.

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47
 Expansion bus ( internal)
• The following list are common expansion buses( internal bus) in a PC
system. This bus connected with internal component of computer such as
motherboard, CPU, memory , video card etc.

a) Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) – no longer used

b) Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) – no longer used
c) Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)
d) Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)
e) Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe)
f) Mini-PCI

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Expansion bus ( external)
• This bus connected externally to communicate with Input/output
devices.
• Example:
• Universal serial bus (USB)
• Fire wire - Apple Computer's version of a standard, IEEE 1394,
High Performance Serial Bus, for connecting devices to your
personal computer.

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 Bus structure

Data bus Address bus Control bus

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Internal Bus Structure
• A system bus consists of 50-100 lines. Each line is assigned a
particular meaning or function.

• The lines can be classified into three functional groups:

• Data bus ( Data lines)
• Address bus ( Address lines)
• Control bus (Control lines)

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Bus Interconnection Scheme

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Data Lines / bus
• Provide a path for moving data between system modules.
• These lines, collectively, are called the data bus
• The data bus typically consists of 8, 16 or 32 separate
lines, the numbers of lines being transferred to as the width of
the data bus.
•
Each line carry only 1 bit at a time, the number of lines
determines how many bits can transferred at a time - overall
system performance.

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With a wider bus, the computer can move more
data in the same amount of time (or the same
amount of data in less time). 54
The Address Lines/ bus
• Usedto designate the source or destination
of the data on the data bus

• The
width of the address bus determines the
maximum possible memory capacity of the
system.

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The control unit in the CPU will determine the address for
the data to be fetched and sent to the data owner.

Therefore, the address bus will carry address information for

the owner of the data that is carried via the data bus to
either the main memory, I/O device etc.

The address of data always travels along an address bus

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57
The Control Bus/ Line
• Used to control the access to and the use of the
data and address lines in the computer system.
• This bus also used to communicate with other
devices.
• The Control Unit in CPU will sends and receives
signals from all parts of the computer, which makes
sure that all processes take place at the right time
and in the correct order.
• These signals travel along a control bus.
 The Control Lines/ bus
• Used
by CPUs for communicating with other devices within the
computer.
Control bus Description
signal
Memory write Causes data on the bus to be written into the addressed location
Memory read Causes data from the addressed location to be placed on the bus
I/O write Causes data on the bus to be output to the addressed I/O port
I/O read Causes data from the addressed I/O port to be placed on the bus
Transfer ACK Indicates that data have been accepted from or placed on the bus
Bus request Indicates that data have been accepted from or placed on the bus
Bus grant Indicates that a requesting module has been granted control of the
bus
Interrupt request Indicates that an interrupt is pending
Interrupt ACK Acknowledges that the pending interrupt has been recognized
Clock Is used to synchronize operations
Reset Initializes all modules

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The operation of the bus
• Ifone module wishes to send data, it must do two
things:
• obtain the use of the bus
• transfer data via the bus

• If one module wishes to request data, it must:

• obtain the use of the bus
• Transfer request to the other module over the
control and address lines, then wait for that
second module to send the data.

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What is bus?

List 2 example of expansion bus

State bus structure in computer system

Explain function of each bus structure

State 2 example of control signal

Identify the part of computer bus that carries the information to devices that
communicate with CPU
a)System Bus b) Control Bus c) Data Bus d) Address Bus
Exercise
1. List three function of computer.
2. Define computer organization.
3. Define computer architecture.
4. List two differences between computer organization &
computer architecture.
5. List the main structural/ basic components of a computer.
6. Briefly explain the function of main structural components
of a computer
7. List two input and output devices according to the
categories.
8. List the main structural components of a CPU.
9. Briefly explain function of main structural components of a
CPU.
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10. Describe five major operations performed by a
computer system.
11. Define the computers bus system.
12. Match the following item with correct answer.
Type of bus Function
Data bus Used to designate the source or
destination of the data on the data bus.
Address Used to control the access to and the use
bus of the data and address lines.
Control bus Provide a path for moving data between
system modules.
1. List three types of external buses.
2. Distinguish between internal bus and external bus
3. The process of producing results from the data for
getting useful information is called
a)Output b)input c)processing d)storage
4. Identify which bus are used for connecting internal
components of a computer such as CPU and
memory to the motherboard?
a)Expansion bus b) Local bus c) External bus
d) Instruction bus
5. Identify the part of computer bus that carries the
information to devices that communicate with CPU.
a)System Bus b) Control Bus c) Data Bus d) Address Bus
Thank you