Undercut - Causes

Mis-alignment
 Porosity - Cause /Source
Cavities / voids formed due to entrapment of gases when the
molten metal solidifies from liquid state when more gases get
dissolved into molten metal

Moisture in Inadequate Gas shielding

due to
Plate edges
Improper setting of gas
Non-baked/dried flow rates
Electrodes Improper Torch angles
Filler wire Improper setting of
welding Parameters
Wet / Non-dried flux
Pneumatic fixture
In the atmosphere
Surface Porosity & Slag
Types of Porosity

Distributed Pores

Aligned Pores

Clustered Pores
 Internal Porosity

10 mm
Types of Porosity Cluster & distributed
Types of Porosity Aligned
 Aligned Porosity

20 mm
Pin-hole Porosity

Start Stop Porosity

Worm-Hole Porosity

10 mm
Slag Inclusion
Slag Inclusion
 1-Incomplete fusion
2-Linear slag Inclusion
3-Crack

Mis-alignment
Incomplete fusion -Causes
 1-Excessive Penetration
2-slag Inclusion

Gas Pores