Section 1: A Story of Two Substances

Chemistry is the study of everything around us.

K W L
What I Know What I Want to Find Out What I Learned
Essential Questions
What is a substance?
How does ozone form and why is it important?
What are chlorofluorocarbons and how do they get into the
atmosphere?

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Education A Story of Two Substances
Vocabulary
Review New
matter chemistry
substance

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Education A Story of Two Substances
Why Study Chemistry?
All the stuff in the universe is made from building blocks formed in
stars.
These building blocks and everything made from them are called
matter.
Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes.

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Education A Story of Two Substances
The Ozone Layer
Ultraviolet radiation damages living organisms.
Earths atmosphere contains a layer of ozone that absorbs most
ultraviolet radiation and protects living organisms.
Ozone is a substance in the atmosphere made up of oxygen.
A substance, also known as a chemical, is matter that has a
definite composition.

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Education A Story of Two Substances
The Ozone Layer
Earths atmosphere consists of several layers. The protective ozone
layer is located in the stratosphere.

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Education A Story of Two Substances
The Ozone Layer
Ozone, in the stratosphere, is formed when oxygen gas (O2) is
exposed to ultraviolet radiation.

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Education A Story of Two Substances
The Ozone Layer
Ozone has interested and been studied by scientists since the late
1800s.
Ozone forms over the equator, where the rays of sunlight are the
strongest and then flows towards the poles, thus, making it a
convenient marker to follow the flow of air in the stratosphere.

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Education A Story of Two Substances
The Ozone Layer
In the mid-1980s, Scientists detected thin areas in the ozone layer
over Antarctica.
What could be causing the ozone hole?

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Education A Story of Two Substances
Chlorofluorocarbons
In the 1920s, large-scale production of refrigerators began, which
used ammonia as coolant.
In an attempt to find safer coolant, chemist, Thomas Midgley, Jr.
synthesized the first chlorofluorocarbons in 1928.

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Education A Story of Two Substances
Chlorofluorocarbons
A Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) is a substance that consists of chlorine,
fluorine and carbon.
All substances that are classified as CFCs are:
Man-made (they do not occur naturally)
Nontoxic
Stable (they do not readily react with other substances)
Because of being nontoxic and very stable, they seemed to be ideal
coolants for refrigerators and AC units, for use in plastic foams and
as propellants in spray cans.

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Education A Story of Two Substances
Chlorofluorocarbons
CFCs were first detected in the
atmosphere in the 1970s, and the
concentrations continued to
increase through the 1990s.
Could there be a connection
between ozone thinning and
increasing CFCs in the atmosphere?

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Education A Story of Two Substances
Review
Essential Questions
What is a substance?
How does ozone form and why is it important?
What are chlorofluorocarbons and how do they get into the
atmosphere?

Vocabulary
chemistry substance

Copyright McGraw-Hill
Education A Story of Two Substances