Lab6: Roundness Test 1

ROUNDNESS TEST
9/11/2017 Lab # 6
 Objective
2

To be familiar with circularity measurements.

To know how to use Formtester to measure the following:
Roundness.
Coaxiality.
Concentricity.
Radial run-out.
Axial run out.

Lab6: Roundness Test 9/11/2017

 Roundness
3

Roundness is the measure of the sharpness of a particle's edges

and corners.
Roundness applies to individual circular cross sections of a surface of
revolution or of a sphere.

Lab6: Roundness Test 9/11/2017

 Cylindricity
4

Cylindricity applies to all cross-sections of a cylindrical

surface simultaneously. The surface must lie between the two
cylindrical surfaces which bound the tolerance zone and are
determined by a best-fit nominal cylinder

Lab6: Roundness Test 9/11/2017

 Coaxiality
5

Coaxiality is the relationship of one axis to another.

Coaxiality DIN is defined by a diameter of a cylinder of defined length, with its
axis co-axial to the datum axis that will totally enclose the centroids of the planes
forming the cylinder axis under evaluation.
Coaxiality ISO is defined as the diameter of a cylinder that is coaxial with the
datum axis and will just enclose the axis of the cylinder referred for Coaxiality
evaluation.

Lab6: Roundness Test 9/11/2017

 Runout
6

Runout refers to the result of placing a solid of revolution on a spindle such

as a lathe, and rotating the part about its central axis while measuring with
a dial indicator its surface deviation from perfect roundness. With circular
runout, the dial indicator is not moved along the direction of the axis of the
part. Circular runout is therefore applied independently at each station
along the length of the part as the part is rotated through 360 degrees.

Lab6: Roundness Test 9/11/2017

 Total Runout:
7

Total Runout: involves moving the dial indicator along the length of the
part while the part is rotated, so that it controls the cumulative variations of
circularity, cylindricity, straightness, coaxiality, angularity, taper, and profile.

Lab6: Roundness Test 9/11/2017

 Eccentricity
8

Eccentricity: is the term used to describe the position of the

center of a profile relative to some datum point. It is a vector
quantity in that it has magnitude and direction. The magnitude
of the eccentricity is expressed simply as the distance between
the datum point and profile center. The direction is expressed
as simply as an angle from the datum point to the profile
center.

Lab6: Roundness Test 9/11/2017

 Concentricity
9

Concentricity is the condition in which the axes of all cross-sectional

elements of a surface of revolution are common to the axis of a datum
feature. Because the location of the datum axis is difficult to find, it is
easier to inspect for cylindricity or runout.
Concentricity: is twice the eccentricity and is the diameter of a circle traced
by the component center orbiting about the datum axis.

Lab6: Roundness Test 9/11/2017

 Roundness Measurements
10

Measuring differences in diameter is not sufficient to measure roundness

and to measure any component for roundness requiring some form of
datum.
Roundness is usually assessed by rotational techniques by measuring radial
deviations from a rotating datum axis; this axis remains fixed and becomes
the main reference for all measurements.

Lab6: Roundness Test 9/11/2017

 Ways of Measuring Roundness
11

Component rotation : involves rotation of the part while keeping

the measuring transducer fixed.
The axis of the component is aligned with the axis of the spindle, using a
centering and leveling table. A transducer is then used to measure radial
variations of the component with respect to the spindle axis.
The output of the gauge or transducer consists of three added components:

Lab6: Roundness Test 9/11/2017

 Ways of Measuring Roundness
12

Rotating the stylus: involves keeping the component fixed while rotating
the measuring transducer.
Rotate the stylus while keeping the component stationary. This is usually
performed on small high precision components but is also useful for
measuring large, non-circular, for example measurement of a cylinder bore
using this method would not require rotation of the complete engine block.

Lab6: Roundness Test 9/11/2017

 Reference Circle
13

To measure out of roundness, it is necessary to compare the part profile

to an ideal circle or datum.

Lab6: Roundness Test 9/11/2017

 Circle References
14

Least Square Reference Circle (LSC): is a circle where the sum of areas
inside this circle is equal to the sum of the areas outside the circle and kept
to a minimum separation.
The out of roundness value is the difference between the maximum and
minimum radial departure from the reference circle centre. This is a very
convenient reference circle to derive, as it is mathematically precise.

Lab6: Roundness Test 9/11/2017

 Circle References cont.
15

Minimum Zone Circle (MZC)

The MZC is defined as two concentric circles positioned to just
enclose the measured profile such that their radial departure is
a minimum. The roundness value is then given as their radial
separation. (RONt)

Lab6: Roundness Test 9/11/2017

 Circle References cont.
16

Minimum Circumscribed Circle (MCC): This is also known as the ring

gauge reference circle and is the smallest circle that totally encloses
the profile. Out of roundness is quantified as the largest deviation
from this circle (RONt).

Lab6: Roundness Test 9/11/2017

 Circle References cont.
17

Maximum Inscribed Circle (MIC) :The maximum inscribed circle, sometimes

referred to as the plug gauge circle, is the largest circle that is totally
enclosed by the profile. Errors are quantified as the maximum radial
deviation (RONt) away from this reference circle.

Lab6: Roundness Test 9/11/2017

 Roundness Error
18

Least square circle (LSC): It is a circle which separates the roundness profile of an
object by separating the sum of total areas of the inside and outside it in equal
amounts. The roundness error then can be estimated as the difference between the
maximum and minimum distance from this reference circle
Minimum Zone circle (MZC): Here two circles are used as reference for measuring
the roundness error. One circle is drawn outside the roundness profile just as to
enclose the whole of it and the other circle is drawn inside the roundness profile so
that it just inscribes the profile. The roundness error here is the difference between
the radiuses of the two circles.
Minimum circumcised circle (MCC): It is defined as the smallest circle which
encloses whole of the roundness profile. Here the error is the largest deviation from
this circle
Maximum inscribed circle (MIC): It is defined as the largest circle that can be
inscribed inside the roundness profile. The roundness error here again is the
maximum deviation of the profile from this inscribed circle.

Lab6: Roundness Test 9/11/2017

 Equipment
19

MMQ10 Formtester for roundness measurement.

Vernier Caliper.

Lab6: Roundness Test 9/11/2017

 Results
20

Note that the Ecc "Eccentricity" value is 0.1 m <0.5 m that is the
surface is correctly centered.
The roundness equals to 1.11 m which indicates that the edges
and the corner of the object is smooth.
Tolerance was 10 m
was 172 (angle from the datum point to the profile center).
The measurement range was 100 m

Lab6: Roundness Test 9/11/2017

Example