Basic GD&T 20171218 SEMV Ori (Compatibility Mode)

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING &
TOLERANCING
(Basic GD&T)
Ground Rules for Participants
1. Arrive training room at 8:45 am on 18th & 19th Dec. Lab session will be carried out
on the 20h, & 21st and 22nd in the Metrology Lab. Participants need only to attend
one of the half day session.
2. Please be punctual for Training (including after break and lunch)
3. Please switch off your mobile phone / turn to silent mode during the training
session. (if you have to answer an emergency call, please do so outside the room)
4. Please attend to your email outside training hours (or during break / lunch)
5. One conversation at a time.
6. Training materials can be obtained through USB if you had not received them. (No
hard copies will be provided)
7. Please print your name clearly on the attendance.
8. Drawings and assessment materials must be returned after each training session.
Schneider Electric - SESEA - QYS – 1st April 2008 2

What is GD&T?
● A means of dimensioning & tolerancing a drawing with respect to the actual function or relationship
of part features which can be most economically produced.
● GD&T is an international engineering drawing language.
● GD&T uses symbols to indicate a range of geometric properties which prescribe the requirements of
a feature and indicate any relationship that the feature may have with other features.

Why GD&T?
● GD&T captures and transmits the designer’s intent through all activities in the product cycle.
● GD&T reduces cost by allowing maximum production tolerances. Production tolerances may be increased by
as much as 57% compared with conventional dimensioning practices – without affecting the function of the
part.
● It insures that design dimensional & tolerance requirements relates to actual function and are specifically
stated and thus carried out.
● It insures interchangeability of mating parts at assembly

Implications of Conventional Coordinate Dimensioning
10
10
Area of square =100cm2

2 + 2 =
Radius of circle = 5 5 7.071cm
Area of circle =157.077cm2

When should GD&T be used?
● When part features are critical to function or interchangeability.
● When functional gauging techniques are desirable.
● When datum references are desirable to insure consistency between manufacturing and gauging
operations.
● When standard interpretation or tolerance is not already implied.

Symbols Versus Notes
Symbols Notes
1 CONSISTENT INCONSISTENT
2 COMPACT SCATTERED
3 CLEAR MAY REQUIRES TRANSLATION
4 INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE TIME CONSUMING
5 EFFICIENT COULD BE SUBJECTIVE
NOTE:
GD&T does not replace conventional coordinate dimensioning.
One method supplements the other and should be used in
combination to best advantage for application.

General Definitions
● Features
● Describe a physical portion of a part e.g. A surface, a hole etc.
● Feature of size
● A feature with opposed feature elements e.g. A cylinder or spherical feature or a feature with 2 parallel plane.
● Dimension
● A numerical value, together with appropriate units of measure, used to define characteristics of a part such as size
and location
● Reference Dimension (Auxiliary)
● A dimension without tolerance used for information purpose only.
● It is a repeat of a dimension or is derived from other values. It may not be used for production and inspection
operations.
(20)

General Definitions
● Basic Dimension (theoretically exact dimension)
● A numerical value used to describe the theoretically exact size, shape or location of a part. A basic
dimension cannot have a tolerance – control is achieved by applying tolerances to geometric
characteristics of or to other dimensions which are associated with the particular feature.
20

General Definitions - Tolerance
● The total amount a specified dimension is permitted to vary.
● Unilateral
● where variation is permitted in only one direction from the specified dimension.
● Bilateral
● where variation is permitted in both direction from the specified dimension (may be symmetrically or asymmetrically
disposed).
● Geometric
● The amount by which a part feature may vary from the theoretically perfect geometric characteristic such as permitted
● deviation from perfect flatness, circularity, etc.

The Principle of Independence
The principle of independence is based on independence between dimensional and geometrical tolerances (See
figure 1).
Indication on drawing Interpretation
All local dimensions must be between 19.8 and 20.2.
Figure 1 - Interpreting the principle of independence

Envelope Requirement
● The envelope requirement establishes interdependence between dimension and geometry. It can be applied to
a single feature, either a cylinder or a feature made up by two parallel flat surfaces.
● The envelope requirement is indicated by the symbol { placed after the linear tolerance (See figure 2).
Indication on drawing
The part must fall between 2 All local dimensions must

parallel planes distant by be greater than 19.8.
20.2 (dimension at material
maximum).
Figure 2 - Interpreting the envelope requirement
Envelope Requirement
●ASME Y14.5M 1994 – Individual Features of Size

● Form Control is implied unless otherwise stated
● Where only a size tolerance is specified, the limits of size for the dimension of an individual feature of
size control the form as well as the size.
●ISO / JIS Envelope Requirement

● No Form control implied. Form control must be specified if required.
● Where the envelope requirement is specified, no part of a feature shall extend beyond an envelope
(boundary) of perfect form at maximum material size of the feature.

Minimum and Maximum Material Requirements
● When required by the function, interdependence can be specified between the dimension and the geometry of
a feature. This interdependence is based on the dimension of the part when it is at minimum or maximum
material requirement.
● Standard ISO 2692 and its amendments specify the necessary

interpretation when a part is dimensioned:
● to maximize material, the requirement is indicated by symbol m
● to minimize material, the requirement is indicated by symbol l

Maximum Material Requirements
● Maximum Material Condition (MMC) – The condition in which a feature of size contains the maximum
amount of material with the stated limits of size, - for example, minimum hole diameter and maximum shaft
diameter.

Least Material Requirements
Least Material Condition (LMC) – Opposite of MMC, the feature contains the least material. For example,
maximum hole diameter and minimum shaft diameter.

Regardless of Feature Size
● Regardless of Feature Size (RFS) – The condition when a feature of size is referenced at its actual size
(Anywhere between MMC and LMC).
● The value of the geometric tolerance remains as specified regardless of the actual size of the feature.
● RFS applies, with respect to the individual tolerance, datum reference, or both where no modifying symbol is
specified. (Note: Where required, MMC and LMC must be specified on the drawing)

Specified Datum
The most commonly used specified datum's are planes (plane, median plane) and straight lines (shaft axis,
boring axis).
Table 1 - Definition and measurement of datum's

Types of datums
Single System Common

A A B C A-B
Ø
C B
A
A plane
B
A
A
A
A line Point
z
y
x
B
A Line A
A point
A-B
Plane

19
Datum targets
Target area size,
where applicable
Example
Datum name
3x3 Ø2
A1 A1
Possible contact types
point line area

20
Target datums
Ø3
Point A1
Area A1
Line
A1
Schneider Electric - SESEA - QYS – 1st April 2008

2121
Datum Plane
● The specified datum is a plane when the datum symbol is directly attached to the part surface (See figure 3).
● The figure shows the specified datum is the lower plane of the part.
● The most common practical methods for simulating a datum plane are:
● The envelope plane defined by the part placed on a surface plate.
● The plane calculated by the 3D measuring machine using traced points.
Figure 3 – Specified, simulated datum plane

Median Datum Plane
● The specified datum is a median plane when the

datum symbol is directly in the extension of the
dimension line (See figure 4).
● In the figure shown the specified datum is the
horizontal median plane of the part.
● The simulated datum is defined (or calculated)
by the bisectional plane of the two envelope
planes of the opposite surfaces.
Figure 4 - Specified, simulated median datum plane

Datum Axis
● The specified datum is an axis when the datum symbol refers to the cylinder axis taken as a datum (See
figure 5).
● The specified datum is always a straight line for datum axes.
● The simulated datum is defined (or calculated) by the envelope cylinder axis.
Figure 5 - Specified, simulated datum axis

Toleranced Features - Tolerance Frame
● The toleranced feature is referred to on the drawing by a tolerance frame

● The tolerance frame is divided into three parts:
● the symbol defined by one of the standardized geometrical tolerancing symbols,
● the tolerance zone defined by its form and dimension,
● when applicable, the specified datum or system of specified datum
Primary
Secondary
Figure 6 – Composition of the tolerance frame Tertiary

Feature Control Frame (Tolerance Frame)
j n0.25m A B C
Tertiary Datum
Secondary Datum
Primary Datum
Modifier
Tolerance Value
Tolerance Zone Shape
Geometric Characteristic Symbol

Toleranced Features - Tolerance Frame
● The tolerance frame is attached to the toleranced feature according to the same rules as for the references
(datum):
● When the tolerance frame attachment line refers directly to the feature, the actual feature is toleranced in
the direction of the attachment line.
● When the tolerance frame attachment line is in the extension of the dimensional line, the median plane
or axis is toleranced

Geometrical Tolerances
● Geometrical tolerances are divided into four groups:

● form and profile tolerances,
● orientation tolerances,
● position tolerances,
● run out or deviation tolerances.
•The main characteristics for geometrical tolerances are:

the theoretical shape of the toleranced feature
the need for a specified datum or system of specified datum
the shape of the possible tolerance zones

Geometric Tolerancing
ISO 1101
Form
Orientation
? Profile of a line
Location
? Profile of a surface ? Parallelism
Runout
? Straightness
? Perpendicularity ? Position
? Circular runout
? Flatness
? Angularity ? Symmetry
? Total runout
? Circularity
? Coaxiality
Concentricity
? Cylindricity

Form and Profile Tolerances
Form and profile tolerances apply to individual feature and limit their form
defects. The tolerance zone is positioned by the actual toleranced feature
and adapts as best it can to the real part. No specified datum are required.
● NB: The tolerance zone adapts as best it can to the toleranced part. If the latter falls within the tolerance zone it
complies with the specification.


Form Tolerance for Lines Straightness of a plane surface

Form Tolerance for Lines Straightness of a plane surface

Form Tolerance for Lines Straightness of a cylindrical surface

Measuring Principle: Straightness of a Cylindrical Surface

Form Tolerance for Lines Straightness of an axis

Measuring Principle: Straightness of an axis - RFS

Form Tolerance for Surfaces Flatness

Tolerances of Form
Flatness
0.2
t
Which measuring device is used to inspect flatness?

Tolerances of Form
Flatness

Tolerances of Form
A common tolerance zone can be applied to seperate part
features by adding the mention « CZ » inside the feature control
frame.
CZ = Common Zone

Form Tolerance for lines Circularity

Tolerances of Form
Circularity
t
Concentric

Tolerances of Form
Inspecting tolerances of form is expensive.
Therefore their use is recommended only in clearly-identified

cases, such as sealing functions, ITH,…
Form Gtols are also appropriate for functional issues where
quality of contact between mating parts si important.
0.2
Form Gtol inspection can be

applied to a limited portion of a
feature

Measuring Principle: Circularity

Form Tolerances
Table 2
(1) These two symbols are also used to specify orientation/position of a line or surface (See table 4). In this
case a datum is required.

Form Tolerance for lines Surface Cylindricity

Tolerances of Form
Cylindricity
0.2 t
Axis of the two envelope cylinders

Form Tolerance for lines Profile

Tolerances of Form
Profile of a line (not referenced to a specified datum)
Ø 0.4
Which measuring device can be
used to inspect this gtol?
A set of basic dimensions

defines the theorectical profile of the line
True profile
shape
Theoretical
profile

Tolerances of Form

Form Tolerance for Surfaces Profile

Tolerances of Form
Profile of a surface (not referenced to a specified datum)

Which measuring device can be
used to inspect this gtol?
Ø 0.2
sphere
The surface must be inside the tolerance zone

Orientation Tolerances
● Orientation tolerances apply to a feature associated with a specified datum.

● These tolerances limit orientation defects. The specified datum defines the orientation of the tolerance zone:
● either implicitly for parallelism and perpendicularity,
● or via an encircled angular dimension for the slope.
● Designation of a specified reference is thus essential.
● NB:The tolerance zone, oriented by the datum, adapts as best it can to the toleranced feature whatever its position. If this feature
falls within the
tolerance zone it complies with the specification.
● The orientation tolerance encompasses the form tolerance.



Orientation Tolerances: Parallelism

Tolerances of Orientation
Parallelism
t
0.2 A
Which measuring device is used to inspect parallelism?

This type of inspection is not conforming, as the ISO
standard defines the surface plate boundary as being the
only way of deriving a specified datum plane.
Parallelism
0.2 A
Control with a 3D measuring machine

The mean plane derived by a 3D machine is different from the
surface plate boundary. Only the surface plate conforms with
ISO.

Tolerances of Orientation t
Parallelism
0.1 A B


Orientation Tolerances: Perpendicularity

Perpendicularity
0.2 A
Which measuring device is used to inspect perpendicularity?

Perpendicularity Øt
Ø 0.1 A
A


Orientation Tolerances: Angularity

Angularity
0.4 A
50° A
A°
Which traditional metrology instrument is

used to simulate a basic angle?
A sine table t

Angularity
A-B A-B
0.1 AA-B
60°
A B
0.1 AA-B
60°
A B
Specific contact points can be defined on the drawing for better accuracy in datum determination

Angularity
A°
0.1 AA-B
60°
A B

Run Out Tolerances
(1) Axial deviation, measured parallel to the rotation axis, is particularly used to limit
wheel wobble.
(2) Radial deviation, measured perpendicular to the rotation axis, is particularly used to
limit wheel run-out.
Deviation or Run Out Tolerances
Deviation or run out tolerances apply to a part associated with a specified

reference which must be a rotation axis. These tolerances limit the form
defects of the real part when the part rotates around the rotation axis.
With respect to the specified reference, the tolerance zone is:

either concentric or coaxial,
or perpendicular.
Designation of a specified reference or system of references is thus

essential.

Run Out Tolerances: Circular

Tolerances of Circular Runout
Circular radial runout
0.2 A
A
t
Ø
Each individual measurement must conform to specifications
The number of measurements and their distribution

is up to the inspector’s experience and know-how.

Circular axial runout
0.2 A
A
Ø
t
Each individual measurement must conform to specifications

Run Out Tolerances: Total

Circular radial total runout
0.2 A
A t
Ø
The amplitude of all measurements must conform to specifications

Circular axial total runout
0.2 A
A
Ø
The amplitude of all measurements must conform to specifications

Position Tolerances
● Position tolerances apply to a feature associated with a specified datum

● or system of specified datum. These tolerances limit the position
● defects of the actual feature with respect to a theoretical position.
● The tolerance zone is positioned with respect to the specified datum:

● either directly,
● or via one or more encircled dimensions.
● Designation of a specified datum or system of specified datum is thus
● essential.
● NB: The position tolerance encompasses the orientation and form tolerances.

Position Tolerances

Summary of Deviations

Position Tolerances

Position Tolerances

Tolerances of Location
Position t/2
t
0.2 A
25
25
A

Ø 0.3
sphere
The theoretical profile is

defined from specified datums.

Position
Ø 5 ± 0.1
10
Ø 0.3 A B
B
Ø t
6
10 A 6
Ø 0.3
6
Since the part is thin, a 2D inspection is enough

10 r is half the position tolerance

Tolerances of Location B
A-B
Position
B
Ø 0.3 AA-BB
Øt
A
What could be added for the cylindrical tolerance

zone to be constrained perpendicularly to A and B,
without adding a perpendicularity tolerance?
A
r
r is half the position tolerance

Answer
Position
Øt
B
Ø 0.3 C BA-B
Virtual boundary construction

Position
Information relevant to the inspection report
Unidirectional Position Bidirectional Position
11 20
2X = dim − measurement 2 X = (MEASURx− DIMx)² + (MEASURy− DIMy)²
Form Cpk A normality test can

Form Cpk be performed to
check for stability
A normality test
can be performed
to check for A normality test
stability can be performed
to check for
stability
Position of hole patterns
Virtual boundaries
Positional Tol
cont'd

Position Tolerances

Location Tolerance: Concentricity

Concentricity
Ø
A
Øt
A
Ø 0.2
Ø
Ø 0.2 A
A
r
r is half the total concentricity tolerance
Concentricity of a point ; coaxiality of an axis

Coaxiality
A Ø 0.2
Ø
r
Ø 0.2 A
A coaxiality inspection has

the part stationary and
measuring device in
rotational motion about the
part features.
This is a way of deriving the

two mating envelope
r is half the coaxiality tolerancecylinders to establish their
variation.

r
Coaxiality
Ø 0.1 AA-B
A B
Ø t
Ø
r is half the concentricity tolerance

A-B
In a pivot relationship, coaxiality applies to the stationary part

Location Tolerance: Symmetry

Tolerances of Location t/2
Symmetry
t
A
0.2 A
d is at most half the symmetry tolerance
0.2 A

Symmetry
Total tolerance
Is it half the tolerance or the total tolerance being inspected?

Position Tolerances

Types of Geometric Deviations
Only the last three are part of GD&T

Size deviations are controlled by normal dimensioning practices.
Roughness & Waviness are control by separate specifications

Form tolerances address large-scale surface variations
FORM
(1st order variation)
Theoretical surface
(general direction of the profile)
UNDULATION
(2nd order variation)
TEARING
(4th order variation)
RIDGES, GROOVES
(3rd order variation)
Roughness: 3rd and 4th order variations

Waviness & Roughness

Surface Finishes (ISO 1302)
Table 6


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GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING &

Schneider Electric - SESEA - QYS – 1st April 2008 2

● GD&T is an international engineering drawing language.

Schneider Electric - SESEA - QYS – 1st April 2008 3

● It insures interchangeability of mating parts at assembly

Schneider Electric - SESEA - QYS – 1st April 2008 4

Area of square =100cm2

Area of circle =157.077cm2

Schneider Electric - SESEA - QYS – 1st April 2008 5

● When part features are critical to function or interchangeability.

● When functional gauging techniques are desirable.

● When standard interpretation or tolerance is not already implied.

Schneider Electric - SESEA - QYS – 1st April 2008 6

Schneider Electric - SESEA - QYS – 1st April 2008 7

Schneider Electric - SESEA - QYS – 1st April 2008 8

● Basic Dimension (theoretically exact dimension)

Schneider Electric - SESEA - QYS – 1st April 2008 9

Schneider Electric - SESEA - QYS – 1st April 2008 10

Indication on drawing Interpretation

All local dimensions must be between 19.8 and 20.2.

Figure 1 - Interpreting the principle of independence

Schneider Electric - SESEA - QYS – 1st April 2008 11

The part must fall between 2 All local dimensions must

●ASME Y14.5M 1994 – Individual Features of Size

●ISO / JIS Envelope Requirement

Schneider Electric - SESEA - QYS – 1st April 2008 13

● Standard ISO 2692 and its amendments specify the necessary

● to maximize material, the requirement is indicated by symbol m

● to minimize material, the requirement is indicated by symbol l

Schneider Electric - SESEA - QYS – 1st April 2008 14

Schneider Electric - SESEA - QYS – 1st April 2008 15

Schneider Electric - SESEA - QYS – 1st April 2008 16

Schneider Electric - SESEA - QYS – 1st April 2008 17

Table 1 - Definition and measurement of datum's

Schneider Electric - SESEA - QYS – 1st April 2008 18

Single System Common

Schneider Electric - SESEA - QYS – 1st April 2008 19

Possible contact types

point line area

Schneider Electric - SESEA - QYS – 1st April 2008 20

Schneider Electric - SESEA - QYS – 1st April 2008

Figure 3 – Specified, simulated datum plane

Schneider Electric - SESEA - QYS – 1st April 2008 22

● The specified datum is a median plane when the

Figure 4 - Specified, simulated median datum plane

Schneider Electric - SESEA - QYS – 1st April 2008 23

Figure 5 - Specified, simulated datum axis

Schneider Electric - SESEA - QYS – 1st April 2008 24

● The toleranced feature is referred to on the drawing by a tolerance frame

Figure 6 – Composition of the tolerance frame Tertiary

Schneider Electric - SESEA - QYS – 1st April 2008 25

Tolerance Zone Shape

Geometric Characteristic Symbol

Schneider Electric - SESEA - QYS – 1st April 2008 26

Schneider Electric - SESEA - QYS – 1st April 2008 27

● Geometrical tolerances are divided into four groups:

•The main characteristics for geometrical tolerances are:

Schneider Electric - SESEA - QYS – 1st April 2008 28

Schneider Electric - SESEA - QYS – 1st April 2008 29

Schneider Electric - SESEA - QYS – 1st April 2008 30

Schneider Electric - SESEA - QYS – 1st April 2008 31

Schneider Electric - SESEA - QYS – 1st April 2008 32

Schneider Electric - SESEA - QYS – 1st April 2008 33