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9 Cestoda - MUR
9 Cestoda - MUR
Introduction
The subclass Cestoda or tapeworm of
phylum Platyhelminthes are characterized
by the ribbon like and dorso-ventral
flattened body
Living worms are white or yellowish
There is no specialized alimentary or
digestive system, food is absorbed
through worms integument
The excretory system is primitive; composed of
flame cell termini, capillaries and collecting
tubule
The whole body of cestodes consist of scolex,
neck and the entire chain of a few to many
segments or proglottids which is known as
strobila
The scolex is the anterior attachment organ
The neck is the growth region for strobila
throughout the life of tapeworm
The strobila is divided into immature proglottids,
mature proglottids and gravid proglottids
two lobus
Classification
Class Cestoidea
Subclass Cestoda
Ordo Cyclophillidea
Family Taeniidae
Family Hymenolepididae
Family Dilepididae
Family Davaineidae
Family Anoplocephalidae
Ordo Pseudophyllidea
Famili Diphyllobothriidae
1. Taenia saginata
2. Taenia solium
3. Hymenolepis nana
4. Hymenolepis diminuta
5. Dipylidium caninum
6. Echinococcus granulosus
7. Echinococcus multilocularis
8. Multiceps multiceps
Taenia saginata
Common name: The beef tapeworm
Diseases: Taeniosis saginata, beef
tapeworm infection
Geographical distribution: It is
cosmopolitan in distribution. The
prevalence is high in countries or areas
which people consume raw or
inadequately heated beef
Morphology:
The mature worm measures 4-12 meters
long and contain 1000-2000 proglottids
Under favorable conditions, they expand
to 25 m in length
The scolex is quadrate shape from top
view, measures 1.5-2 mm in maximum
diameter, bears four muscular
hemispherical suckers
The proglottids of Taenia saginata are in
general like the corresponded proglottids
of Taenia solium
The genital organs of mature proglottids
differ in having twice in number of testes
(300-400) and lacking of accessory lobe of
ovary
The length of gravid proglottids, are longer
and there are 15-20 main lateral branches
on each side of the central stem of uterus
The eggs are indistinguishable from
Taenia solium eggs
Taenia saginata, proglottid
Scolex T. saginata
Scolex Taenia saginata
Life Cycle
The adult worm is in the jejunum of small
intestine of man
The gravid proglottids are separated from
strobila in single segment and evacuated
out with feces of migrate freely out from
anus
The gravid proglottids may disintegrate
within the bowel and release eggs passed
with feces
The embryonated eggs are ingested by
many species of herbivorus mammals
including domesticated cattle and reindeer
The oncospheres hatch in the duodenum,
penetrates intestinal wall, reach mesentric
venules or lymphatics then goes to
circulation
They are carried to any organ, with
particularly in striated muscles and cardiac
muscles
Oncospheres develop in 60-75 days into
an infective Cysticercus bovis which
contained unarmed scolex invaginated in
the cyst
Man acquires infection through the
ingestion of raw or inadequately cooked
beef
The prepatent period is 10-12 weeks
Cysticercosis bovis is not proved in man
Pathology and Symptomatology
The adult parasite probably causes no
symptom in most patients
Some patients has abdominal discomfort,
nausea, weakness, diarrhea, lost of
weight, hunger pain and chronic
indigestion
It may causes intestinal obstruction or
produces acute appendicitis
The detach gravid proglottids may
crawling actively out from the anus,
usually during the day when the host is
active, causing discomfort and
embarrassment of the host
Diagnosis
Recovery of eggs in stool is a generic
diagnosis
The specific diagnosis based on the
identification of the evacuated gravid
proglottids
They were pressed under two glass slides
and examined the main lateral branches of
uterus which vary from 15-20 branches
with 18 in average
In Asia, T. saginata infection is more
prevalent than T. solium infection
Although Cysticercus cellulosae is
frequently found and many people are
more often consume raw or undercooked
pork and viscera than that of cattle
It may possible that a species other than
T.saginata and T. solium is the causative
agent of taeniosis in Asia
Asian T. Saginata or T. asiatica was called
in reports from Taiwan and Korea
Morphology of T. asiatica is similar to T.
saginata, but differs in:
1. The existence of rostellum in the scolex
2. The prominence of posterior protuberance in
gravid proglottids
3. The large of uterine branches (more than
57) in gravid proglottids
Treatment
Niclosamide administered at 2 g is
effective
Praziquantel is well tolerated and highly
effective when given 10-20 mg per kg
body weight as a single dose
Bithionol 40-60 mg/kg one or two doses
was commonly used in Japan, but this
drug is not available in Indonesia
Prevention and Control
Consume the throughly cooked beef
Heating the beef with temperature above
56oC can kill the cysticerci
All beef should be inspected for cysticerci
in the slaughter house