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Fundamentals of Electricity: Simple DC Series Circuit
Fundamentals of Electricity: Simple DC Series Circuit
Simple DC
Series
Circuit,
Rt = R1+R2+R3
Simple DC
Parallel
Circuit,
Rt = (R1.R2.R3 )
/(R2.R1+R3.R2+R1 .R3)
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Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EEs; B. Rauf 9/20/2017
Fundamentals Of Electricity
Simple AC
Series
Circuit,
Simple AC
Parallel
Circuit,
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Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EEs; B. Rauf 9/20/2017
Fundamentals Of Electricity
Three Phase
(AC)
Transformer
Configurations
Note:
a = Turns Ratio
= Np/Ns
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Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EEs; B. Rauf 9/20/2017
Fundamentals Of Electricity
Impedance :
Definition : Impedance is the current
resisting and impeding characteristic of
load or conductor in an AC Circuit.
Ohms Law:
Mathematical Statement of the Ohms
Law:
V = I R for DC circuits
V = I Z for AC Circuits
Note: BOLD letters, in general, represent
Vectoral quantities
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Impedance
Calculation:
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Fundamentals Of Electricity
Power :
Definition: Power is defined as the capacity of a system
to perform work or Rate of work performed by a system.
Symbols and Types of Power:
Pdc= V.I , in watts. Note: Pdc= Preal
Papparent = S = Apparent Power (kVA) or Total AC
Power
Preal = P = Real Power Comp. of Apparent Power, in kW
Preactive = Q = Reactive Comp. of App. Power in kVAR
Pappent = (Preal)2 + (Preactive)2 orS = (P)2 +(Q)2
Magnitude of Total (3 ) Power = S= 3. VL.IL
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Fundamentals Of Electricity
Power Factor :
Definition: Power Factor is defined as the Ratio
of Real Power (kW) to Apparent Power (kVA). It
is also defined as the quantity cos( - ).
PF = P/S or
PF = cos( - ),
where is the angle of voltage V, where V =
VRMS
is the angle of current i = I RMS
Note: Detailed discussion on the topic of Power
Factor is covered under the Power Factor
segment of this seminar.
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Fundamentals Of Electricity
Voltage Regulation:
Definition: Real voltage sources are unable
to hold the voltage constant as they assume
a significant amount of load (Resistance or
Impedance). This results in the difference
between Vno load and Vfull load.
The formula for Voltage Regulation is as
follows:
Voltage Reg. = (Vno load - Vfull load)/ Vfull load x 100%
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Fundamentals Of Electricity
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Fundamentals Of Electricity
Classifications of Motors:
Motor categorization by NEMA, National
Electrical Manufacturers Association:
Speed:
Constant Speed
Adjustable Speed
Multispeed
Varying Speed
Service Classification:
General
Definite
Special Purpose
Varying Speed
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Fundamentals Of Electricity
Class F: 155 C
Class H: 180 C
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Fundamentals Of Electricity
iin = iout
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Fundamentals Of Electricity
Formula: S x P = 120 x f
S = (120 x f ) / P
S = (120 x 60) / 4 = 1800 RPM
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Fundamentals Of Electricity
Motor Slip:
Slip is usually expressed in percent and can be computed as follows:
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Fundamentals Of Electricity
Motor Torque and Horsepower,
contd.:
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Fundamentals Of Electricity in Industrial and Commercial Environment
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Fundamentals Of Electricity
Miscellaneous:
Demand: This term means the highest average
power (kW) in a given interval, or demand
interval. Electric utilities charge commercial and
industrial customers for the peak demand set
each month.
Peak demand: This is the maximum demand
used in any demand interval for a given month.
Load factor: The load factor is the ratio of
average power to peak demand. Utility
customers are sometimes penalized for low load
factor that can occur when large amounts of
power are used in short periods of time, instead
of at a steady rate for long periods of time.
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Electronics
Semiconductor
Diode:
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Electronics
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Electronics Outputs From Simple Diode Circuits:
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Electronics
Bipolar Junction
Transistors:
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Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EEs; B. Rauf 9/20/2017
Standards
NEMA: National Electrical Manufacturers
Association; www.nema.org
NEMA, created in the fall of 1926 by the merger of the Electric Power
Club and the Associated Manufacturers of Electrical Supplies, provides
a forum for the standardization of electrical equipment, enabling
consumers to select from a range of safe, effective, and compatible
electrical products.
ANSI: American National Standards Institute;
www.ansi.org
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is a private,
non-profit organization that administers and coordinates the U.S.
voluntary standardization and conformity assessment system
IEC: International Electrotechnical Commission.
IEC is the authoritative worldwide body responsible for
developing consensus global standards in the electrotechnical
field
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Standards
IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers; www.ieee.org
The IEEE is a non-profit, technical professional association
for Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
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Power Distribution Systems
Power Distribution Systems Consist of:
MCC or Motor Control Centers
Loop Switches
Transformers
Voltage Regulators
Capacitor Banks
Circuit Breakers
OCBs, Oil Circuit Breakers
Air Circuit Breakers
Disconnect Switches
Fuses
Starters and Combination Starters
Power Monitoring and Control Systems
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Power Factor Correction
Bobby Rauf
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Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EE's; B. Rauf 9/20/2017
Topics
Power Factor, Definition, Concept
and Formulas
Power Factor Correction /
Improvement Example
Additional Comments /
Discussion on Power Factor
Power Factor and Loss
Calculation Example
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Fundamentals Of Electricity
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Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EE's; B. Rauf 9/20/2017
Fundamentals Of Electricity Zl = Xl +90=+j Xl V
Pf Angle
=-
Power Factor, contd.: I
Lagging Power Factor:
Power factor is said to be lagging when, the angle
of the current, is less than , the angle of the voltage.
In other words, ( - ) is positive.
Impedance, Zl, due to pure inductive reactance, Xl,
has a positive angle. Or, Zl = Xl 90
In Inductive Circuits, add Capacitance, or
Capacitive Reactance, Xc, to offset the Inductive
Reactance, Xl, and to Increase the PF. V 90 Deg.
V
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Fundamentals Of Electricity
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