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JNTU SYLLABUS: UNIT- 1

Computers in industrial Manufacturing, Product cycle, CAD / CAM

hardware, basic structure CPU, Memory types, input devices, display
devices, hard copy devices, storage devices.

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CAD/CAM = Computer Aided Design and Computer Aided
Manufacturing.
It is the technology concerned with the use of computers to
perform design and manufacturing functions.

CAD can be defined as the use of computer systems to perform

certain functions in the design process.

CAM is the use of computer systems to plan, manage and control

the operations of manufacturing plant through either direct or
indirect computer interface with the plants production resources

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Advantages of CAD/CAM systems
Greater flexibility. Better product design.
Reduced lead times. Greater manufacturing
Reduced inventories. control.
Increased Productivity. Supported integration.
Improved customer Reduced costs.
service. Increased utilization.
Improved quality. Reduction of machine
Improved tools.
communications with Less floor space.
suppliers.

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Memory Types

ROM - Read only memory

PROM - Programmable ROM
EPROM - Erasable programmable ROM
EEPROM - Electrically erasable and programmable ROM
RAM - Random access memory
Flash memory

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Memory Speed Comparison

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Input Devices
Keyboard
Mouse
Light pen
Joystick
Digitizer
Tablet

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KEYBOARD

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Mouse

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 MOUSE

TWO BUTTON MOUSE

WITH SCROLL WHEEL

WIRELESS MOUSE

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LIGHT PEN

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Light pen

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TOUCH PAD

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TRACK POINT

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TRACKBALL

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JOYSTICK

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GRAPHICS TABLET

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Puck or pointing device used with tablets and digitizers

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Digitizer

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Touch Sensitive Screen

A Touch Sensitive Screen

is an input device as well
as an output device.
There are three forms of
touch screen: pressure-
sensitive, capacitive
surface and light beam.

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 Output can be divided into two types soft copy output
and hard copy output.
Softcopy output is temporary output and it refers to
information displayed on a screen or in audio or voice
form through speakers. This kind of output disappears
when the computer is switched off.
Hardcopy output is permanent output and refers to
output printed onto paper.

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 Typical Output Devices

VDU or Monitor Plotter

Multimedia Projector Flatbed
Impact Printer Drum
Dot Matrix Electrostatic
Daisy Wheel Voice Response
Non-Impact Printer Speech Synthesis
Thermal Robot/Control System
Ink Jet Machine Tool
Laser Microfilm/Microfiche

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 Monitors
Monitors and their capabilities depend on:
Graphics/Video card or adaptor
Size
Resolution
Display quality
Graphics/Video Card or Adaptor
Is an electronic link between the processor and
the monitor.
Size
This is the diagonal dimension of the screen.
(Common sizes include 15, 17 and 19
monitors)

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Monitor - Display quality

This depends on the type of monitor as well as the

refresh rate
In a faster device the output is scanned across the
screen many times a second and it either leaves a
glowing dot or it doesn't (see the animation). The dots
join up to form the picture that we see on the screen.

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 VDUs - Screen Resolution
Resolution is the clarity or
sharpness of an image when
displayed on the screen.
The more pixels there are on a
screen, the greater the level of detail
that can be shown in an image, and
the higher the resolution.
VGA (Video Graphics Array) = 640 x
480 pixels
SVGA (Super Video Graphics Array)
= 800 x 600 pixels
XGA (Extended Graphics Array) = Diagram of different
1024 x 768 pixels screen resolutions

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Monitors

Visual Display Units (VDU) or monitors are used to

visually interface with the computer and are similar in
appearance to a television.
Visual Display Units display images and text which
are made up of small blocks of coloured light called
pixels.
The resolution of the screen improves as the number
of pixels is increased. Most monitors have a 4:3 width
to height ratio.
Two types of Monitors: CRT and Flatpanel

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Display Devices
Cathode ray tube (CRT) display,
Plasma panel display or
Liquid crystal display (LCD).

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CRT Cathode Ray Tube

The most common type

of display screen, the
technology is the same
as that of a television
screen.

A cathode ray monitor

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CRTs (cont.)

Strong electrical fields and high voltage

Very good resolution
Heavy, not flat

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Schematic diagram of a CRT

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Cathode ray tube
The standard output device for CAD is a monitor display. Among
the available technologies, the CRT is the most dominating and
has produced a wide range of extremely effective graphics
display.
The electron gun generates the electrons.

The focusing unit focuses the electrons into beam.

The deflection system controls x and y, or the horizontal and

vertical positions of the graphics information through the
display controller, which typically sits between the computer
and CRT.

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CRT Display
Stroke-writing and
Raster scan

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The graphics display can be divided into two types based on the
scan technology used to control the electron beam when
generating graphics on the screen:

Random scan: the screen is not scanned in particular order.

Raster scan: the screen is scanned from left to right, top to

bottom, all the times to generate graphics.

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The three existing CRT displays that are based on these
techniques are:

1. The refresh (calligraphic) display. (based on random

scan technology)

2. Direct view storage tube (based on random scan

technology)

3. Raster display (based on raster scan technology).

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Refresh Display

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Direct View Storage Tube

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Color Raster Display With Eight Planes

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Flat Panel
LCD Liquid Crystal Display

Smaller, lighter and they use much less power than a

CRT display
Frequently used on laptop computers
Another type of flat panel display is the gas plasma

A LCD monitor

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Liquid Crystal Displays
Liquid crystal displays use small flat chips
which change their transparency properties
when a voltage is applied.
LCD elements are arranged in an n x m array
call the LCD matrix
Level of voltage controls gray levels.
LCDs elements do not emit light, use
backlights behind the LCD matrix
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LCDs (cont.)

Wavefront
distortion
Small Diffuser filter
fluorescent LCD Linear
tubes Linear Module Color Polarizer
Polarizer Filter

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 LCDs (cont.)
Color is obtained by placing filters in front of each
LCD element
Usually black space between pixels to separate
the filters.
Because of the physical nature of the LCD matrix,
it is difficult to make the individual LCD pixels
very small.
Image quality dependent on viewing angle.

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LCDs (cont.)

LCD resolution is often quoted as number

of color elements not number of RGB
triads. R G B R G B R G
B R G B R G B R

R G B R G B R G

Example: 320 horizontal by 240 vertical elements =

76,800 elements
Equivalent to 76,800/3 = 25,500 RGB pixels
"Pixel Resolution" is 185 by 139 (320/1.73, 240/1.73)
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LCDs (cont.)
Passive LCD Active LCD screens
screens Each element
Cycle through each contains a small
element of the LCD transistor that
matrix applying the maintains the voltage
voltage required for until the next refresh
that element. cycle.
Once aligned with the Higher contrast and
electric field the much faster
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Advantages of LCDs

Flat
Lightweight
Low power consumption

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FLAT PANEL DISPLAY

Transparent Thin Film

Transistor (TFT)
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Hard Copy Devices
Graphical printers

Plotters

Photographic devices

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Graphical printers
Impact dot matrix printer
Thermal transfer
Ink jet printer
Laser printer
Colour copiers

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Output Devices - Printers

You can print out information that is in the

computer onto paper. By printing you create
what is known as a 'hard copy'.
There are different kinds of printers which vary in
their speed and print quality.
The two main types of printer are impact and
non-impact.

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 Impact Printers

Impact Printers use a print head containing a number

of metal pins which strike an inked ribbon placed
between the print head and the paper.

Some print heads have only 9 pins

to make the dots to build up a
character; some have 24 pins
which produce a better resolution.
The main types are:
Dot Matrix Printer
Daisywheel Printer An impact printer
showing detail of print
head
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 Dot Matrix Printer
Characters are formed from a
matrix of dots.
The speed is usually 30 - 550
characters per second (cps).
This is the cheapest and
noisiest of the printer family.
The standard of print obtained
is poor.
These printers are cheap to A dot matrix printer
run and relatively fast. They
are useful for low quality
carbon copy printing.

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 Daisywheel Printer

Molded metal characters like those in a

typewriter are mounted on extensions
attached to a rotating wheel and are
printed onto the paper by means of a
hammer and print ribbon.
This results in a great deal of movement
and noise during the printing of
documents, so printing is slow (less than
90 cps).
The standard of print is similar to that
produced by an electric typewriter. As
the characters on the wheel are fixed, A daisy wheel
the size and font can only be changed showing detail
by using a different wheel. However, this
is very rarely done. of the
characters

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Non-Impact Printers

Non-impact printers are much quieter than impact

printers as their printing heads do not strike the
paper.
Most non-impact printers produce dot-matrix
patterns.
Several different technologies have been used to
provide a variety of printers.
The main types of non-impact printer are:
Thermal Printer
Laser Printer
Ink Jet Printer

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 Thermal Printers

Characters are formed by heated

elements being placed in contact with
special heat sensitive paper forming
darkened dots when the elements
reach a critical temperature.
Thermal printer paper tends to darken
over time due to exposure to sunlight
and heat. The standard of print A fax machine uses a
produced is poor.
thermal printer
Thermal printers are widely used in
battery powered equipment such as
portable calculators.

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 Laser Printer
Laser printers use a process similar to
a photocopying machine.
Laser Printers use a laser beam and
dry powdered ink toner to produce a
fine dot matrix pattern being
transferred to the page and then fused
on to it by heat and pressure.
This method of printing can generate
about 4 pages of A4 paper per minute. A laser printer

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Laser Printer

Colour laser printers are expensive They work

by printing 4 times.....Once with Cyan toner,
then with Magenta toner, then Yellow then
Black.
The standard of print is very good and laser
printers can also produce very good quality
printed graphic images too.
Prices of laser printers are falling rapidly, so
they are becoming one of the most popular
printers.

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Inkjet printers

Inkjet printers produce an

image by spraying ink onto the
paper.
Colour graphics may be
produced by spraying cyan,
magenta, yellow and black
inks.
Very common for most home
users of computers as they are
cheap to buy and can print in
both colour and black and
white.

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Braille Printer

Braille Printer - by
converting text into the
Braille code, this printer
produces patterns of
raised dots on paper for
use by the blind.

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Plotters

Plotters are used to produce high quality precision

graphics usually on large sheets of paper.
They are slow, but can draw continuous colours often
in a variety of colours.
They are especially useful for architectural drawings,
building plans and CAD (Computer Aided Design)
applications, where precision drawing is required.
A mechanical arm holds a pen which can be moved
across the page.

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Plotters

The paper is sometimes laid on a flat bed (flat bed

plotter) or on a rotating drum (drum plotter).

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Flatbed Plotters

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Drum Plotter

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Sound Output

Computer synthesised voice and music output is now

well established using a speaker as an output device.
Sound cards need to be installed in microcomputers to
obtain good quality sound for music software or
games.
A simple speaker will make a range of sounds both
computer generated and the speaking voice.

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Voice Response Unit

Selects digitised audio recording of words, phrases,

music, alarms or anything you might record.
Audio is pre-recorded and stored on disk.
When output occurs a particular sound is converted
back to analog before being routed to the speaker.

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Speech Synthesis Systems

Converts raw data into electronically produced

speech. (Text to Speech)
Used for computer aided conversations by hearing
and speech impaired persons or converting
conversations from one language into another.
Problems with speech synthesis:
Vocal inflections and phrasing
Software requires considerable training

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Robot/Control Systems

The output from a computer may be in the form of a

signal to a hardware device.
In a control system, sensors are used to measure a
physical quantity and send input to the controlling
computer. The computer responds by sending an
output signal which may activate an item of
hardware.

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COM (Computer Output on Microfilm)

COM is a technique of reducing documents in size

and photographically printing them so that they can
be read using a special magnifying machine.
Microfilm is a roll of film and microfiche is a
rectangular sheet of film on which many frames
(pages of information) can be stored.

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Microfiche & Microfiche Reader

Microfiche Reader
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Multimedia Projector

Used to create and deliver dynamic multimedia

presentations.
Contains an LCD panel, whatever is displayed on
this panel is shown on the screen.
Can be connected to the computer, television, cable
and even video.

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 Storage Devices

Floppy disks,
Winchester disks,
Magnetic tapes,
Magnetic tape cartridges
Compact disk ROMS, and
DVD

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