Professional Documents
Culture Documents
t t
k
where = is the thermal diffusivity
c
A heated/cooled body at Ti is suddenly exposed to fluid at T with a
known heat transfer coefficient . Either evaluate the temperature at a
given time, or find time for a given temperature.
Solid
Total Resistance= Rexternal + Rinternal
dT hA T t 0 Ti
GE: T T BC:
dt mc p
Solution: let T T , therefore
d hA
dt mc p
Lumped Parameter Analysis
i Ti T
hA
ln t
i mc p
hA
t
e
mc p
i
T T
mc p - To determine the temperature at a given time, or
t
e hA - To determine the time required for the
Ti T temperature to reach a specified value.
T T hA
T exp( t)
T0 T cV
hA hLc k 1 1
t t Bi 2 t
cV k c Lc Lc Lc
Thermal diffusivity: k (m s-1)
c
Lumped Parameter Analysis
Define Fo as the Fourier number (dimensionless time)
hLC
Fo 2
t and Biot number Bi
Lc k
The temperature variation can be expressed as
T = exp(-Bi*Fo)
where L c is a characteri stic length scale : realte to the size of the solid invloved in the problem
r
for example , Lc o (half - radius) when the solid is a cylinder.
2
r
Lc o (one - third radius) when the solid is sphere
3
1 T 2T
2
a x
T ( x, 0) Ti
T
0
x x 0
T
k hT ( L, t ) T
x x l
The Plane Wall:
4 sin n
Cn n tan n Bi
2 n sin 2 n
The roots (eigenvalues) of the equation can be obtained from tables given in standard textbooks.
The One-Term Approximation Fo 0.2
Variation of mid-plane temperature with time Fo ( x * 0)
T T
*
C1 exp 12 Fo
Ti T
0
* 0* cos 1 x *
liquid
Coating with density ,
latent heat of fusion: hsf
S(t) d
solid
Substrate, k,
Example
k(T T )
q s"(t)= s i
t
Example (contd...)
T ( x, t ) TS x
erf ,
Ti TS 2 t
x x
T ( x, t ) 2318 (300 2318)erf 2318 2018erf 79.06
2 t t
Example (contd)
x 0.79
T ( x 0.01, t ) 2318 2018erf 79.06 2318 2018erf
t t
Example (contd...)
2000
At x=1 cm, the temperature
1600
T1( t ) rises almost instantaneously at a
Temperature
1200
T2( t ) very fast rate. A short time later,
800
T3( t ) the rate of temp. increase slows
400
down significantly since the
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
energy has to distribute to a very
t
Time large mass.
x=1 cm
x=2 cm At deeper depth (x=2 & 3
x=3 cm cm), the temperature will not
respond to the surface condition
until much later.
Example (contd...)
We can also examine the spatial temperature distribution at
any given time, say at t=1 second.
T ( x, t 1) 2318 2018erf 79.06 x 2318 2018erf 79.06 x
t
3000 Heat penetrates into the
substrate as shown for different
Temperature (K)
T1( x )
2000 time instants.
T2( x ) It takes more than 5 seconds
T3( x ) 1000 for the energy to transfer to a
depth of 5 cm into the substrate
0 The slopes of the temperature
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
profiles indicate the amount of
x
distance (m) conduction heat transfer at that
t=1 s. instant.
t=5 s.
t=10 s.
Numerical Methods for Unsteady
Heat Transfer
Unsteady heat transfer equation, no generation, constant k, two-
dimensional in Cartesian coordinate:
1 T 2T 2T
2 2
t x y
We have learned how to discretize the Laplacian operator into system of
finite difference equations using nodal network. For the unsteady problem,
the temperature variation with time needs to be discretized too. To be
consistent with the notation from the book, we choose to analyze the time
variation in small time increment t, such that the real time t=pt. The
time differentiation can be approximated as:
T TmP,n1 TmP,n
, while m & n correspond to nodal location
t m ,n t
such that x=mx, and y=ny as introduced earlier.
Finite Difference Equations
m,n+1
m,n-1
From the nodal network to the left, the heat equation can be written
in finite difference form:
Finite Difference Equations
(contd)
P 1
1 Tm ,n Tm ,n Tm 1,n Tm 1,n 2Tm ,n Tm ,n 1 Tm ,n 1 2Tm,n
P P P P P P P
t ( x ) 2
( y ) 2
t
Assume x=y and the discretized Fourier number Fo=
x
2