Alfred Chow | Danne Miguel

Gram (+) usually in grape-like clusters

Fermenter, non motile, and facultative anaerobe
Normal flora of skin, mouth
Grows on nonselective media
Salt tolerant
Catalase Test
Can be easily isolated on BAP, Used to differentiate Staphylococci
and Micrococci from Streptococci
CNA, MSA (+): vigorous bubbling or effervescence
False(+): if colonies are from BAP
Catalase test (+)
 Normal flora of the anterior nares and nasopharynx
Gram (+) cocci in clusters; colonies show a smooth, butyrous,
creamy appearance
#1 cause of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in pediatric and
elderly
Catalase (+)
Coagulase (+)
Slide method (bound coagulase)
Tube method (free coagulase) org + rabbits plasma + incubate for 4 hrs @ 35
37 C, if (-) reincubate for 16 hrs at RT
 Mannitol Fermentation (+) contains phenol red as indicator;
contains 7.5% NaCl; (+)devt of yellow halo around the
colonies
DNAse (+)
Dye method
Methyl green = clear zone around the colonies(+)
Toluidine blue = pink zone around the colonies(+)
HCl Precipitation Method
Clear zone around the colonies
PYR (-) to detect group A Strep
Staphylococcus aureus causes:
A. Skin Infections boils, carbuncles, furuncles, cellulitis
B. Endocarditis and impetigo
C. Toxin Mediated Diseases
Food poisoning Enterotoxins A & B; usually happens 2-6 hrs after ingestion
Scalded Skin Syndrome/Ritters Disease excessive exfoliation
TSS due to Enterotoxin F (TSST 1)
Virulence Factors:
A. Toxins
B. Enzymes
Coagulase major virulence factor of the spp.
Lipase initiates skin infections
hemolysin responsible for the hemolytic property of aureus
Staphylokinase promotes fibrinolytic activity
Hyaluronidase spreading factor
lactamase / penicillinase resistant to penicillin

To treat aureus infections:

Penicillinase resistant drugs:
Oxacillin MRSA infection
Methicillin to detect:
Cloxacillin cefoxitin disk test screen test for MRSA
PCR gene mec A gene
 Gram (+) cocci, strict aerobe, catalase (+)
- hemolytic on BAP
Environmental flora and normal skin flora
Opportunistic bacteria
Grows on 5% NaCl Modified Oxidase Test
Rgt: 6% tetramethyl-p-phenylene-
high-doomed colonies
diamine dihydrochloride in DMSO
Modified oxidase (+) (+): dark blue color
False(+): if iron wire or nichrome is
used (use platinum or wooden
stick)
 Differentiation of Staphylococcus from Micrococcus
Staphylococcus Micrococcus
Catalase + +
Aerobic growth + +
Anaerobic growth + -
Glucose utilization Fermentative Oxidative
Modified oxidase - +
Benzidine - +
Lyostaphin (200ug/ml) Susceptible Resistant
Bacitracin (0.04 U) Resistant Susceptible
 Gram (+) Cocci in chains
Lancefield Group A
Hemolytic
Bacitracin Sensitive (to separate it from Strep agalactiae)
Streptococcus pyogenes causes:
A. Pharyngitis
B. Scarlet fever Sun burn like rash and strawberry tongue
C. Impetigo
D. Necrotizing Fasciitis flesh eating
E. Rheumatic Fever
F. Poststreptococcal Glomerular Nephritis
Virulence Factors:
A. M protein antiphagocytic protein. M12 is associated with glomerular
nephritis

B. Streptolysin O Oxygen Labile, antigenic cytolysin that causes lysis of cells.

C. Streptolysin S Oxygen Stable, nonantigenic cytolysin that causes lysis

of cells.

D. Exotoxin AC - superantigens that cause symptoms of scarlet fever

E. Streptokinase, DNAase, Hyalurindase Contribute to the spread of

infection
 Gram-positive cocci (round bacterium) with a tendency to form chains
Beta Hemolytic
Catalase negative
Facultative anaerobe
Group B Lancefield classification
Positive CAMP test
 An asymptomatic (presenting no symptoms) colonizer
of the gastrointestinal tract in up to 30% of otherwise
healthy adults, including pregnant women.
Nevertheless, this opportunistic, usually harmless
bacterium can, in some circumstances, cause severe
invasive infections.
 Gram (+) Cocci
Lancet Shaped Diplococci
No Lancelfield Group
a Hemolytic
Optochin Sensitive (to separate it from Viridans group)
 Normal flora but can lead to pathogenesis in an immunocompromised host
Diseases caused include:
A. Acute Pneumonia
B. Otitis Media
C. Sinusitis
D. Adult Meningitis
Virulence Factors:

A. Capsule most important virulence factor

B. IgA protease cleaves IgA that allows colonization of mucosa.

C. Pneumolysin O what is responsible for the rust colored sputum

associated with the disease. Destroys ciliated cells by inducing classic
complement pathway.
 Third Generation Cephalosporin for meningitis
Vaccines are available.
Macrolides for adult bacterial pneumonia
 Gram (+) Cocci
Lancefield Group D
Can grown in Bile or in High Salt (6.5%)
Hemolytic
PYR (+)
 They are part of the normal flora of the GI and GU tract. During a
procedure, they can be dislodged or displaced and presented
to where they should not be.
Most prevalent bacteria of GI tract
Endogenous Transmission
Disease Caused:
A. UTI
B. Cholecystitis Infection of the gallbladder
 Gram (+) Cocci
No Lancelfield Group
a Hemolytic
Optochin Resistant to separate it from S. pneumoniae
 S. mutans an organism belonging to this group is part of the
normal flora of dental caries. It causes plaque, plaque then
allows other Viridans group to colonize and cause cavities
 Subacute Endocarditis -dental surgery gives S. mutans
access to the blood stream where it colonizes the mitral
valve.
This is why people with prostethic valves or previous valve pr
oblems get prophylactic antibiotics before dental
procedures.