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Chapter 1
1
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Every part in this book
requires some
mathematical background
2
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Computers are great tools,
however, without fundamental understanding of
engineering problems, they will be useless.
3
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Engineering Simulations
Finite element analysis (FEA) and product design services
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
Molecular Dynamics
Particle Physics
N-Body Simulations
Earthquake simulations
Benefits of Simulations
Cost savings by minimizing material usage.
Increased speed to market through reduced product development time.
5
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Newtons 2nd law of Motion
Formulated as F = m.a
F = net force acting on the body
m = mass of the object (kg)
a = its acceleration (m/s2)
F FD FU
FU = Force due to air resistance = -cv (c = drag coefficient)
FD = Force due to gravity = mg
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dv F This is a first order ordinary differential equation.
dt m We would like to solve for v (velocity).
FD mg
Analytical Solution:
FU cv
If the parachutist is initially at rest (v=0 at t=0),
dv mg cv
using calculus dv/dt can be solved to give the result:
dt m
Independent variable
Dependent variable
dv c
g v
dt m
v(t )
gm
c
1 e ( c / m ) t
Forcing function Parameters
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Analytical Solution
v(t )
gm
c
1 e
( c / m ) t
If v(t) could not be solved analytically, then
we need to use a numerical method to solve it
t (sec.) V (m/s)
0 0
2 16.40
4 27.77
8 41.10
10 44.87
12 47.49
53.39
v(ti 1 ) v(ti ) c
g v(ti )
ti 1 ti m
This equation can be rearranged to yield
c
v(ti 1 ) v(ti ) [ g v(ti )](ti 1 ti )
m
t (sec.) V (m/s)
0 0
2 19.60 t = 2 sec
4 32.00
8 44.82
10 47.97
12 49.96 To minimize the error, use a smaller step size, t
53.39 No problem, if you use a computer! 9
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Analytical vs. Numerical solution
m=68.1 kg c=12.5 kg/s
g=9.8 m/s t = 2 sec t = 0.5 sec t = 0.01 sec
t (sec.) V (m/s) t (sec.) V (m/s) t (sec.) V (m/s) t (sec.) V (m/s)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
v(t )
gm
c
1 e ( c / m ) t c
v(ti 1) v(ti ) [ g v(ti )]t
m
CONCLUSION: If you want to minimize
*Run numpara2.m at W:\228\MATLAB\1-2 the error, use a smaller step size, t
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