IMO Environmental Activities -

Focus on Reduction of GHG

Emissions from Ships
Copenhagen 8 December 2009

Karin Sjölin-Frudd
Senior Adviser
Marine Environment Division
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International Maritime Organization
IMO – the International Maritime
Organization
• Safe, secure and efficient shipping on
cleaner oceans
 Global coverage
• 169 Member States
• All major ship owning nations
• All major coastal states
• IGOs and NGOs
 Application to real ships

• SOLAS 159 Parties 99.04% world

tonnage
• Load lines 159 99.02%
• MARPOL 150 99.14%
• COLREGS 153 98.36%
• STCW 153 99.01%
 Application to real ships
• More than 50 IMO Conventions
• Hundreds of codes, guidelines and
recommendations
• Almost every aspect of shipping covered:

 Design
 Construction
 Equipment
 Maintenance
 Crew
 IMO’s role
• 51 treaty instruments
• 21 directly environment related
• 23 if environmental aspects of the Salvage
and Wreck Removal Conventions are
included
 Summary of Second GHG Study (1/3)
• Carbon dioxide is the
most important GHG
emitted by ships Scenarios for CO2 emissions from International Shipping
from 2007 to 2050 in the absence of climate policies
8000

CO2 emissions from ships (million tons CO2 / yr) '

• International shipping: 7000
A1FI
A1B

2.7% of the global

A1T
6000
A2
B1
5000

anthropogenic CO2 4000

B2
Max
Min

3000

• Absent regulations, 2000

ship emissions may 1000

grow significantly as a 0
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

result of growth in
shipping
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 SECOND IMO GHG STUDY 2009

IN 2007, INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING

EMITTED: International
Domestic
shipping &
International Shipping
Aviation fishing
2,7 %
- 870 MILLION TONNES OF CO2; 1,9 % 0,6 %

Other Sectors
11,6 % Main Activity
- 2.7% OF TOTAL GLOBAL CO2 Electricity and
Heat Production
Transport 35,0 %
EMISSIONS 21,7 %

Unallocated
Autoproducers
Other Energy 3,7 %
Manufacturing
Industries and Industries
Construction 4,6 %
18,2 %
 Summary of Second GHG Study (2/3)

• Future CO2 emissions for the shipping sector

does not harmonise with global need for
reduction (policies are needed for the 2° target)
Potential impact of shipping on WRE 450 / 550 emissions stabilization

12000

10000

8000
Tg C yr-1

6000
WRE550
4000 WRE450

WRE 450 Path Adjusted for Ship Trend

2000

0
1990 2010 2030 2050 2070 2090 9
Year
 Summary of Second GHG Study (3/3)

 A significant potential for reduction of GHG

through technical and operational measures exits

 The number of emission reduction options

promoted varies between policy options

 Market-based instruments are the most

environmentally effective and cost-effective
instruments

 A mandatory EEDI is a cost-effective instrument

to improve the efficiency of new ships
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 Assessment of Emissions Reduction Potential

Saving of
DESIGN (New ships) CO2/tonne-mile Combined Combined

Concept, speed & capability 2% to 50%

Hull and superstructure 2% to 20%
Power and propulsion systems 5% to 15%
10% to 50%
Low-carbon fuels 5% to 15%
Renewable energy 1% to 10%
Exhaust gas CO2 reduction 0% 25% to 75%
OPERATION (All ships)
Fleet management, logistics &
5% to 50%
incentives
10% to 50%
Voyage optimization 1% to 10%
Energy management 1% to 10% 11
 Outcome of MEPC 59
• MEPC 59 agreed on a package of technical
and operational measures
• MEPC 59 agreed on a work plan to continue
developing market-based mechanisms

• After COP 15:

• Regulatory action by MEPC 60 (March 2010)
and MEPC 61 (September 2010)
 Technical and operational
measures agreed at MEPC 59
• Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) for
new ships – MEPC.1/Circ.681
• Voluntary verification of the EEDI –
MEPC.1/Circ.682
• Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan
(SEEMP) – MEPC.1/Circ.683
• Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator
(EEOI) – MEPC.1/Circ.684
1.TECHNICAL MEASURES

ENERGY EFFICIENCY DESIGN INDEX FOR NEW

SHIPS (EEDI)

- WILL ENABLE SHIP DESIGNERS AND BUILDERS TO DESIGN

AND CONSTRUCT INTRINSICALLY EFFICIENT SHIPS
- WILL ENCOURAGE SHIP OWNERS TO INVEST IN ENERGY-
EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGIES
 Energy Efficiency Design Index

Environmental cos t
EEDI 
Benefit for society

• Cost: Emissions of CO2

• Benefit: Cargo capacity & transport work

Complex formula to accommodate most ship

types and sizes
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2. OPERATIONAL MEASURES:
SHIP ENERGY EFFICIENCY MANAGEMENT
PLAN (SEEMP) – ONBOARD MANAGEMENT TOOL
INCORPORATING:
- GUIDANCE ON BEST PRACTICES (SLOWER
STEAMING; FASTER TURNAROUND; SPECIAL HULL
PAINTS; HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS; ETC.
- ENERGY EFFICIENCY OPERATIONAL INDICATOR
(ENABLES SHIPOWNER TO MEASURE THE EFFECTIVENESS
OF THE ADOPTED EFFICIENCY PRACTICES)
 Operational Measures cont.
Ship Energy Efficiency
Management Plan
Onboard management tool to include:
•Improved voyage planning (Weather routeing/Just in time)
•Speed and power optimization
•Optimized ship handling (ballast/use of rudder and
autopilot)
•Improved fleet management
•Improved cargo handling
•Energy management
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 Operational Measures cont.
Energy Efficiency Operational
Indicator
• An efficiency indicator for all ships (new and
existing) obtained from fuel consumption,
voyage (miles) and cargo data (tonnes)

Actual Fuel Fuel Consumption in Operation

Consumption =
Index
Cargo Onboard x (Distance traveled)

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 Objective of the EEOI

• Measuring energy-efficiency at each voyage

• Evaluation of operational performance by
owners or operators
• Continued monitoring of individual ship
• Evaluation of any changes made to the ship
or its operation
 EEOI coverage

Can be applied to almost all ships

(new and existing ships)

Also be applied to passenger ships

Cannot be applied to ships not engaged in

transport work
e.g. research vessel or tug boat
 Status of EEOI

・ EEOI has been implemented on a trial

　 basis since 2005
・ MEPC 59 agreed the revision of EEOI

・ Voluntary use by owner and operators

・ Collect information on the outcome and
　 experiences in applying the EEOI
3. MARKET-BASED MECHANISM
TO SUPPLEMENT TECHNICAL AND OPPERATIONAL
REDUCTION MEASURES BY OFFSETTING EMISSIONS IN
OTHER AREAS.
CURRENT PROPOSALS:
- INTERNATIONAL GHG EMISSIONS CONTRIBUTION FUND
- GLOBAL EMISSION TRADING SCHEME
- TRADING WITH EFFICIENCY CREDITS (USING EEDI)

MOST REVENUES TO BE USED FOR CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION

AND ADAPTATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Copenhagen - Outcome

IMO OBJECTIVES:
1. THAT UNFCCC PARTIES CONTINUE
ENTRUSTING IMO WITH THE
REGULATION OF GHG EMISSIONS FROM
INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING; AND
2. THAT THE SUBSEQUENT IMO
REGULATORY REGIME BE APPLIED TO
ALL SHIPS, REGARDLESS OF THE FLAG
THEY FLY.
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 Thank you for your
attention!

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