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Hybrid Electric Cars, Combustion Engine driven cars and their Impact on
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Conference Paper · July 2008

DOI: 10.1109/SPEEDHAM.2008.4581321 · Source: IEEE Xplore

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 Hybrid Electric Cars, Combustion Engine
driven cars and their Impact on Environment.
Z. Čeřovský*, P. Mindl*
* Czech Technical University in Prague, Praha 6, Technická 2, Czech Republic

Abstract--Paper stresses the negative influence of cars on Estimated vehicle number on the Earth
the environment. Hybrid cars technology can diminish the
fuel consumption and green house gases production. 3

Total vehicle number

Different types of electric hybrid powertrains are described 2,5
Special attention is paid to electric power splitting.

in Milliards
2
Comparison of fuel consumption and CO2 production of one
1,5
hybrid car and one classic car on European driving cycle is
1
published.
0,5

Index Terms-- Electric hybrid vehicles, European driving 0

1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
cycle, Environment interference, Fuel consumption, CO2
Years
production.
Fig.2.Estimated vehicle number on the Earth
I. INTRODUCTION
Expansion of automobile traffic brought new problems The Kyoto protocol summarizes the production of
like serious environmental problems with gas emission greenhouse gases. The sum is caused not only by cars but
and fuel consumption. Hothouse gas emission of car in general by men activities on whole Earth. The result
combustion engines brought ecological problems namely from all resources is shown in Fig.3 which shows the
in big cities. world production of CO2. The Kyoto Protocol tries to
The expected grow of Earth inhabitants will grow as estimate if the present and future trends may be
shows Fig.1. In this paper is SI Unit System used. sustainable and comes to conclusion that it is a duty of
Milliard means giga (G), 109. men to accept regulation of this dangerous development.

Estimated grows of Planet Earth Population Total world production of CO2

12 40
35
10
Milliards of Earth

30
Giga tons
Inhabitants

8 25
6 20 Řada1
15
4
10
2 5
0 0
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Years years

Fig.1. Estimated grows of Planet Earth Population Fig.3.Total world production of CO2

But the expected grow of automobiles will grow much
rapidly. The growth will be caused mainly with inevitable
living standard improving in many countries like Africa,
South Asia and South America together with enlarging of
population in these regions. The estimated grows of
automobiles over whole Earth is shown in Fig. 2.
From comparison of both figures results that the
population may grow between years 2000 to 2050 from 6
to 10 milliards that means 1.7 times, but the expected
vehicle number will grow from 0.7 to 2.5 milliards that is
3.6 times.
This work was supported by Research Center of Combustion
Engines and Automobile Technology.
These problems are so serious that they became very
important theme of international discussions. Results of
these discussions were settled in the Kyoto Protocol.
Kyoto Protocol is an agreement made under the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC)
Automobiles produce approximately a half of the total
world production of CO2. Let us imagine that a good new
car produces approximately 160 g of CO2 pro each km.
There are many possibilities how to diminish this terrible
amount. Electric hybrid cars are produced in enlarging
numbers and they reach enlarging popularity between
customers. They bring a new possibility how to diminish
the world CO2 production.
 II. ELECTRIC HYBRID CAR SYSTEMS
internal
Hybrid electric vehicles combine electric and internal
combustion engine drive. Hybrid electric vehicles ICE combustion
combine the zero pollution benefits of electric motors engine
with the high fuel energy density benefits of the thermal
engine. gear
Hybrid electric drives adjust the combustion engine GB
box
load and revolutions into the point of best motor
efficiency and lowest motor emissions. [1], [4], [6], [7]. battery

traction TM BAT
A. Basic Drive Configurations motor
Series hybrid drive in Fig. 4 presents a combination of
different energy sources. In the picture the energy sources
are the combustion engine and the battery. The internal
combustion engine ICE propels a generator. Total power
in form of the generator electric power and the battery
electric power are summed in the traction motor. There is
no mechanical connection between ICE and wheels.

internal
ICE
combustion
engine
Fig. 5 Parallel hybrid drive
Combined switched hybrid drive in Fig. 6 is based on
generator G series hybrid drive with mechanical coupling using a
battery clutch between generator and traction motor. It is series
hybrid drive when the clutch is off.
BAT internal
traction ICE combustion
motor engine
TM

generator G
battery

coupling BAT

Fig. 4. Series hybrid drive

traction TM
Battery acts as energy buffer. Advantage of series hybrid motor
drive is the possibility to operate the thermal engine ICE
in optimal revolutions quite free from the car velocity.
That results in low specific fuel consumption and in low
gas emission for any traction load and car velocity.
Efficiency of energy conversions in the system must be
taken in account.

Parallel hybrid drive in Fig. 5 is a combination of ICE

and electric traction motor on the same shaft. Traction
motor is supplied by battery and its output is separated
from the ICE output. Final traction torque is sum of both
motors torque.
Power transmission is more effective than in series
hybrid drive because the mechanical ICE output is not
transformed in electrical output. But the ICE cannot work
in optimal load regime because its speed is not free from
the car velocity.
Fig. 6. Combined switched hybrid drive
The generator supplies the electric energy to the
traction motor. When the car speed and ICE speed and
power are high but the difference between ICE speed and
car speed is small, it is better to operate the scheme as
parallel hybrid drive and the clutch is on in such a case.
On this regime the ICE power and speed are high and the
ICE can operate with small output changes. The
difference between desired traction output and ICE
optimal output is stored in or discharged from the
accumulator.
Combined hybrid with planetary gear in Fig. 7 is a
topology where mechanical power splitting is used. The
splitting is performed in the planetary gear. In this
scheme the generator rotates with speed, which is
difference between the ICE and car speed. This solution
allows splitting the ICE output into two parts.
control unit
~ generator
~ gasoline
generator
traction
ICE
motor
planet
gear
Fig.7. Combined hybrid with planetary grar
The first part is proportional to the difference between the
ICE and car speed and the second is proportional to the
car speed. The first part is transformed into electric
energy in the generator and supplied to the traction
motor. The second part is transferred by the output planet
shaft directly to car wheels. This scheme allows
controlling the engine speed and torque and this is the
way how to minimize fuel consumption.
Electric power splitting drive using DC machines was
used on Czechoslovak express motor cars in the year
1936. The patent document was emitted in
Czechoslovakia with Nr 53 735 on 25.February 1936.
[1], [2], [3]. DC machines were usual on railway
vehicles at that time. The vehicle was called
:”Slovenská Strela” and remained in service till the
year 1950. It should be reconstructed and modernized
later on. But electrification of the main railway
connection between Prague-Košice replaced this very
interesting vehicle with express electric locomotives.
Fig.8. Express railway car “Slovenská Strela”
The drive is depicted in Fig.9. It consists with gasoline
engine, double rotor DC generator, and traction motor.
traction
motor
rotating
stator
engine
output
clutch rotor shaft
Fig. 9. Electric power splitting drive
of express car “Slovenska Strela”
The ICE drives a DC generator which “stator” and
rotor can rotate separately. The “stator” is firmly
coupled with the ICE shaft. The rotor is coupled with
car wheels. On the car shaft is mounted a DC electric
traction motor supplied by the voltage induced in the
generator. The splitting is performed in the generator.
The relative speed between generator “stator” and
rotor is difference between the ICE and car speeds.
This solution allows split the ICE output into two
parts.
The first part is proportional to the difference
between the ICE and car speed and the second is
proportional to the car speed. The first part is
transformed into electric energy in the generator and
supplied to the traction motor. The second part is
transferred directly by means of electromagnetic
torque in the generator air gap to the car wheels. This
scheme allows controlling the ICE speed
independently from the car speed and this is the way
how to minimize fuel consumption.
Model of Electric Power Splitting Drive Using AC
Machines was implemented in the laboratory of Josef
Božek Research Center of Engine and Automotive
Technology at the Technical University in Prague. The
physical model of the drive is seen in Fig. 10. It is
experimental electric hybrid car drive of a small power.
[5], [9], [11], [13], [14], [15].
The output is 7.5 kW, 0 – 6000 min-1.. Electronic
converters and supercapacitor EC are integrated in the
circuit between electric power divider SPGM and traction
motor TM. The super capacitor as a peak energy storage
has 100F, 56V and 400 A. It is able to accept the kinetic
energy during braking the vehicle of the mass 1500kg
from the velocity 60km/hour and regenerate it during
next speeding up.
Principle of the system is depicted in Fig.10.
The combustion engine COM ENG drives the electric
power divider SGPM. The power divider is a special
double rotor synchronous permanent magnet generator.
The first rotor is firmly connected with the combustion
engine shaft. The second rotor is firmly connected with
the traction motor TM and with car wheels. The traction
motor is supplied with electric power induced by
differential velocity between first and second rotors.
Parameters of this electric power (voltage, current and
frequency) are changed in electronic converter in EC.
Power of the combustion engine is divided into two parts.
used for evaluation and comparison of car’s performance,
pollution production, efficiencies etc.
Simulations were performed on New European Driving
Cycle NEDC. The NEDC is shown in Fig. 11.
Total distance 10,9km

EC Speed
(km/hour)

ELM CLUTCH

COM
ENG SGPM TM

base

Time (s)
Fig.10. Physical model of Electric Splitting Drive
Using AC Machines Fig. 11 New European Driving Cycle
The incoming power P1=T1* ω1 is the power of Parameters of compared cars and results of simulation are
combustion engine producing torque T1 at angular shown in Tab.1
velocity ω1. Torque T1 is transferred with electromagnetic
force to the second rotor, rotating at angular velocity ω2 TABLE I
which is the same as car velocity. Power transmitted to SIMULATION
car wheels by this torque is therefore Pm=T1*ω2. First case Second case
RESULTS
Remaining power is induced by magnetic field into the Vehicle type, Škoda Fabia
electric winding arranged on the second rotor. Neglecting Model
manufacturer 1.2HTP
losses this power is Pel=P1-Pm=T1*(ω1-ω2). Power Pel is Driving Cycle NEDC NEDC
transferred via electronic converter in EC to the traction Total mass
motor TM and finally added to power Pm on car wheels. 1450 1120
(kg)
Incoming power P1 from combustion engine is by this Specific
technique divided into two parts Pm and Pel. Combustion Consumption
engine can rotate with angular velocity which does not during total 5.1 5.9
depend from the car velocity NEDC
(l/100km)
Total
III. SIMULATION OF FUEL CONSUMPTION OF emissions 1333 1540
HYBRID ELECTRIC CARS CO2 (g)
Main advantage of electric hybrid cars is the Specific
diminishing of fuel consumption. The production of CO2 emissions 122.9 142
depends on the fuel consumption and on the working (g/km)
conditions of the ICE. The working conditions of the ICE
are much better in electric hybrid cars than in Two cases are shown. In both of them the New European
conventional cars generally. Driving Cycle was simulated.
Simulations were done with the mathematical model of Case first: Hybrid electric car with electric power
Electric Power Splitting Drive Using AC Machines. divider. The mass of the car respects the additional
Measured parameters and features obtained in the mass of electric part of the powertrain.
laboratory [11], [13], [14] were used for the simulation. Case second: Conventional car Škoda Fabia 1.2
The mathematical model of a conventional car and hybrid HTP.
electric car with electric power divider was established in The results shown in Tab. 1 allow to make following
[15] [16] conclusions: When comparing fuel consumption and
Comparisons of this art are usualy done on different CO2 emissions between hybrid car with electric
standard driving cycles. Standard driving cycle represents power divider versus conventional car of the same
a driving pattern of a certain geographic region (North class (that means the same primary ICE engine
America, Europe, Asia-Pacific). These driving cycles are power and respecting additional mass of the electric
powertrain machines), we can conclude that the fuel
 consumption and CO2 emissions are significantly
lower at the hybrid car. Hybridization of such cars
brings not only fuel savings but also is much more
environmentally friendly.
I. CONCLUSION
The production of dangerous greenhouse gas emissions
and consumption of world energy resources become a
serious problem. Especially CO2 emissions can influence
the climate stability of Planet Earth. The automobile
business contributes to this development a lot. But the
automobile technology has space to be improved. The
electric and hybrid electric vehicles can contribute to
diminishing of fuel consumption and green gases
production. The hybrid electric vehicles makes it possible
to operate the combustion engine in more suitable
regimes with better fuel combustion conditions. Some
hybrid systems even enable to operate the combustion
engine in best relation between power and revolutions.
Systems with power dividers allow the engine to operate
in revolutions that are quite independent from the car
velocity.
Simulations were done with the mathematical model of
Electric Power Splitting Drive Using AC Machines.
Measured parameters and features obtained in the
laboratory were used for the simulation. Simulations were
performed on New European Driving Cycle NEDC.
Results of one commercial car and one hybrid electric
car with electric power divider are published.
Fuel consumption of the hybrid car on the new
European Driving Cycle was 5,1 l/km. The commercial
car consumed 5,9 l/km. The hybrid car consumption is
13.6% lower then at commercial car. Similar numbers
were obtained with respect to CO2 production. The hybrid
car produced 1333 g CO2 on the New European Driving
Cycle. Commercial car produced 1540 g CO2. Hybrid car
with electric power divider produced 13.5% less CO2 .
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