Electric Vehicle: Three good

reasons why you want to

consider buying one
MICHAEL KINTNER-MEYER
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Richland, WA

Community Science & Technology Lecture Series

PNNL-SA-94275 March, 2013
 Definition of Electric Vehicles
PEV: Plug-in Electric Vehicle
EV: Electric Vehicle PHEV: Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle
BEV: Battery-only Electric Vehicle EREV: Extended Range Electric Vehicle
Combustion
Engine

Electric Motor
Electric Motor Generator

Batteries
Battery Batteries
Batteries

Gasoline

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How Does a PHEV or EREV Work?
 How Does a PHEV or EREV Work?

PHEV
HEV  PHEVs overcome the range
problem of BEVs
Combustion  Electric-only range vary with
Engine battery size
 PHEV20 = 20 miles range
 PHEV40 = 40 miles range
Electric Motor  PHEVs well suited for our daily
Generator
driving patterns
 50% of all daily drives <25 miles
 80% of all daily drives <50 miles
attery  Average daily driving=33 miles
kWh
15 kWh
Batteries
Additional Batteries

Gasoline
History of Electric Vehicles
1891 William Morrison of Des Moines the first successful electric automotive

1907-1939 Detroit Electric successful electric car co.

1974 Vanguard Sebring CitiCar Thomas Edison  - 1912

1990 Cal. Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Mandate. 2% by 1998, 10% by 2003

1990-2000 few thousand electric vehicles

2002 GM and DaimlerChrysler sued CARB and ZEV mandate was weakened

2006 PHEVs, retrofits: Prius, Escape Volt Leaf

EREV BEV
2010 GM Volt, other manufacturers
 Three Reasons (Plus Three More)
for Considering Buying an Electric Vehicle

• Lowest total cost of ownership today

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 Total Cost of Ownership

BEV: lowest in Total Cost of Ownership after Tax Credit

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Available at: http://media.oregonlive.com/environment_impact/other/PIkes%20exec%20summ%20alt%20fuel%20vehicles%208.27.12.pdf
 Three Reasons (Plus Three More)
for Considering Buying an Electric Vehicle

• Lowest total cost of ownership today

• Excellent performance

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 Performance: Electric motor generates
maximum torque at lowest speeds
Electric motor Internal combustion engine

Tesla Roadster
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 Three Reasons (Plus Three More)
for Considering Buying an Electric Vehicle

• Lowest total cost of ownership today

• Excellent performance
• Good for the environment

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How Does Transportation Contribute to
Climate Change?

3,000

2,500
Transportation

2,000
million tons of C02

Industrial

Residential
1,500

Commercial

1,000

500

0
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

EIA: 2007 Annual Energy Outlook, Reference Case

Regional Emissions Impacts (Well-to-Wheel*)
with Today’s Generation Mix
Nationally, greenhouse
* Argonne National Laboratory’s gases reduced 27% despite
increased reliance on coal
GREET well-to-wheel model
AZN& US
ECAR ERCOT MACC MAIN MAPP NPCC FRCC SERC SPP PNW CNV
US Plant
Regions
mix for RMP total
valley fill Power Generation Composition
Natural Gas 32% 94% 74% 42% 1% 91% 69% 57% 78% 43% 63% 93%
Coal 68% 6% 26% 58% 99% 9% 31% 43% 22% 57% 37% 7%
Emissions Emissions Ratio (Electric Vehicle/Gasoline Vehicle)
GHGs gases
Greenhouse 0.87 0.60 0.69 0.83 1.01 0.61 0.71 0.76 0.66 0.84 0.73 0.61 0.73
VOC: Total 0.11 0.04 0.06 0.10 0.14 0.04 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.10 0.07 0.04 0.07
CO: Total 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
NOx: Total 1.02 0.38 0.59 0.93 1.35 0.41 0.64 0.76 0.54 0.93 0.71 0.39 0.69
PM10: Total 1.55 0.81 1.06 1.45 1.94 0.86 1.13 1.26 0.99 1.46 1.19 0.84 1.18
SOx: Total 3.94 0.42 1.68 3.59 5.96 0.64 2.05 2.67 1.34 3.77 2.35 0.53 2.25
Urban:VOC: Urban
VOCs 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
CO:
CO Urban 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
NOx:
NOx Urban 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.10
PM10: Urban
Particulates 0.60 0.62 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.62 0.61 0.61 0.62 0.61 0.61 0.62 0.61
Urban air quality emissions
SOx:
SOxUrban 0.35 0.04 0.14 0.30 0.51 0.05 0.17 0.22 0.12 0.31 0.20 0.04 0.19
greatly reduced:
VOCs/CO/NOx > 90%
 Moving emissions from tailpipes to smokestacks: SOx = 80%
 solves an intractable problem for CO 2 capture Particulates = 40%
 improves cost effectiveness for other emissions
 Three Reasons (Plus Three More)
for Considering Buying an Electric Vehicle

• Lowest total cost of ownership today

• Excellent performance
• Good for the environment
• Good for national security

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U.S. Energy Landscape

about 40% of
total supply

about 30% of total about 80% of energy in

consumption transportation is LOST
Source: EIA, 2006
Significant Potential to Reduce Dependence of
Fossil Fuel
The idle capacity of the U.S. grid could supply
73% of the energy needs of today’s cars, SUVs,
pickup trucks, and vans…
without adding generation or T&D capacity
73%
electr
ic
(158 mill.
25 Vehicles)
Res, Com,
Total Electricity
20.6 1.8
20
Millions Barrels Per Day

US
Production
Industry
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8.2
5.0  Potential to displace 6.7 MMbpd
(equiv. to 52% of net imports)
 Reduces CO2 emissions by 27%
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 Emissions move from tailpipes to
52% smokestacks (and base load
potential
5 Net
Trans-
portation
Gasoline PHEV plants) … cheaper to clean up
Imports 9.1
12.5
13.8
displacement
6.5  Reduce the imports of petroleum
worth $900 per day
0

Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2005

 Three Reasons (Plus Three More)
for Considering Buying an Electric Vehicle

• Lowest total cost of ownership today

• Excellent performance
• Good for the environment
• Good for national security
• Good for the electricity grid

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EVs Improve the Utilization of the Grid to Achieve
higher Economic Efficiency
ECAR, Summer Additional
Renewable
Renewable
Combined Cycle
MW Additional Other
Fossil Steam Hydro
Conventional
Conventional Hydro
120,000 Additional Coal
Steam
Pumped Storage
additional generation peak Renewable
Pumped Storage
100,000
for 28 mill. PHEVs
Conventional
Combustion Hydro
Turbine/Diesel
Combustion
80,000 Turbine/Diesel
Pumped Storage
Combined Cycle
Combined Cycle
Combustion
60,000 Turbine/Diesel
Other Fossil Steam
Combined Cycle
Other Fossil Steam
40,000 Coal Steam
Other Fossil Steam

Coal
CoalSteam
Steam
Nuclear
20,000
Nuclear
Nuclear
Summer Peak Day
Summer Peak Day
-
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Summer
SummerAverage
Average
Summer Average
Hour
Electric Vehicles Can Provide Balancing Services
for Integration of Wind Energy
1500

1000
New Balancing
500 Requirements
0

-500
Single day of additional
balancing requirements
-1000
for 10 GW of additional
-1500
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
wind in NWPP.

Solution Options

Smart Charging
discharging charging
Max. charging (3.6 kW)

(V2GHalf)
Never discharge !

Resource Available

13% of NWPP vehicle stock (2 mill) could provide all of

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the additional balancing requires if they were EVs with
smart charging capabilities and ability to charge at work
 Three Reasons (Plus Three More)
for Considering Buying an Electric Vehicle

• Lowest total cost of ownership today

• Excellent performance
• Good for the environment
• Good for national security
• Good for the electricity grid
• It offers “cool” technology and it will be
part of our future

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 “Cool” Technology…. An essential part of
tomorrow’s transportation technology
MP3 engine sound
generator
• Ferrari engine
• Mustang
• 396 Chevelle
• Cobra

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How are we doing in WA and Benton County?

Benton County: 133 electric vehicles as of December 2012

WA-State : 4429

Benton County: 10th rank base on (electr. Vehicle/capita)

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Ben Franklin Transit: e-Bus

100 miles range

Delivery end of March, 2013

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Solid Growth in Electric Vehicle Sales in the US

Total number of Electric Vehicles on the Road

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 How to Charge the Vehicle at Home?

Charging outside: 120V (Level 1) Charging inside: 240V (Level 2)

With 120V: 8-12 hours charging With 240V: 1-3 hours charging

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 Public Charging Stations

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 Public Charging Stations

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 Public Charging Stations

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 Public Charging Stations with Solar Roofs
at Google, Mountain View,

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Fast Charging in 15 Minutes using DC electricity
DC plug

240V (AC) DC connection

(Level 2) (Level 3) DC connection 240V (AC)
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(Level 3) (Level 2)
 Traveling cross-country

To Seattle 30 mi

To North Bend: 79 mi

To Ellensburg: 85 mi

To Prosser: 29 mi

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What if you are stranded with an empty battery?

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 Final thoughts
Don’t judge each day by the harvest you reap,
but by the seeds that you plant
Robert Louis Stevenson

industry

Education: high
school, college,
university

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