By John R.

Buri (1991)
Presenter:

Aidil
Zaini
Nizar
 Baumrind (1971) identified three major parenting
styles, reflecting distinct patterns of
responsiveness: authoritative, authoritarian, and
permissive.
Authoritative parents are both demanding and
responsive.
Authoritarian parents are highly demanding, but
not responsive.
Permissive parents are more responsive than
demanding
Buri (1991) developed the Parental Authority
Questionnaire (PAQ) to measure the three
parenting styles
 The questionnaire contains 10 authoritarian, 10
permissive, and 10 authoritative items, and yields parental
authority scores for each style based on the
phenomenological appraisal by the respondent.

Responses to each of these items are made on a 5-point

Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly
agree (5).

The results of several studies have supported the Parental

Authority Questionnaire as a psychometrically sound and
valid measure of Baumrind's parental authority prototypes,
and they have suggested that this questionnaire has
considerable potential as a valuable tool in the
investigation of correlates of parental permissiveness,
authoritarianism, and authoritativeness.
 It contains 30 items and 10 items for each
parenting style

Parenting Style Item number

Authoritarian 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10

Permissive 11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20

Authoritative 21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30
Study 1 : Test-Retest Reliability
Sample : 59 women, 64 men
Result :
Parenting Style Cronbach Coefficient Alpha
Values
Mothers permissiveness 0.81
Mothers authoritarianism 0.86

Mothers authoritativeness 0.78

Fathers permissiveness 0.77

Fathers authoritarianism 0.85
Fathers authoritativeness 0.92
Study 2 : Internal Consistency Reliability
Sample : 95 women, 90 men
Result :
Parenting Style Cronbach Coefficient Alpha
Values
Mothers permissiveness 0.75
Mothers authoritarianism 0.85

Mothers authoritativeness 0.82

Fathers permissiveness 0.74

Fathers authoritarianism 0.87
Fathers authoritativeness 0.85
Study 1 : Discriminant-Related Validity
Sample : 127 student
Result :

Mothers authoritarianism was inversely related to mothers

permissiveness (r = -0.38, p <0.0005) and to mothers
authoritativeness (r =-0.48, p <0.0005).

Fathers authoritarianism was inversely related to fathers

permissiveness (r = -0.50, p <0.0005) and to fathers
authoritativeness (r =-0.52, p <0.0005) .

Mothers permissiveness was not significantly related to

mothers authoritativeness (r = 0.07, p<0.10) and fathers
permissiveness was not significantly related to fathers
authoritativeness (r = 0.12, p<0.10)
 The PAQ is scored easily by summing the individual
items to comprise the subscale scores. Scores on
each subscale range from 10 to 50.

Parenting style determine based on the highest

score among 3 parenting styles. If the authoritarian
parenting score the highest, it means the parenting
style is authoritarian.
 Authoritarian Permissive Authoritative
Item 1-10 11-20 21-30
Score 37 30 27

The PAQ scoring show that Authoritarian parenting style

The different styles of parenting have effects on
their children behavior.

In the family, parenting style directly impacts

childrens behavior and symptoms of
behavior. There is ample evidence to support
the correlation between parenting style and
childrens behavioral problems.
 Parenting is a composite activity that is the
sum of many particular behaviors working
together or individually, to finally have an
effect on the childs behavior (Baumrind
1978).
Specific parenting behaviors, such as physical
punishments, may affect childrens
development and consequently cause
behavioral disorders in them.
 Authoritarian parents have high expectations of
their children and have very strict rules that they
expect to be followed unconditionally. According to
Baumrind, these parents "are obedience- and
status-oriented, and expect their orders to be
obeyed without explanation." People with this
parenting style often utilize punishment rather
than discipline, but are not willing or able to
explain the reasoning behind their rules.
 Have strict rules and expectations.
Very demanding, but not responsive.
Don't express much warmth or nurturing.
Utilize punishments with little or no
explanation.
Don't give children choices or options.
The children of authoritarian parents:

Some children display more aggressive

behavior outside the home.
Others may act fearful or overly shy around
others.
Often have lower self-esteem.
Have difficulty in social situations.
 This style of parenting is sometimes referred
to as "democratic" and involves a child-
centric approach in which parents hold high
expectations for their children.
 Listen to their children
Encourage independence
Place limits, consequences and expectations
on their children's behaviour
Express warmth and nurturance
Allow children to express opinions
Encourage children to discuss options
Administer fair and consistent discipline
People with authoritative parenting styles want their
children to utilize reasoning and work independently,
but they also have high expectations for their
children. When children break the rules, they are
disciplined in a fair and consistent manner.

Authoritative parents are also flexible. If there are

extenuating circumstances, they will allow the child to
explain what happened and adjust their response
accordingly.
Child development experts generally identify the
authoritative parenting style as the "best" approach to
parenting. Children raised by authoritative parents tend
to be more capable, happy and successful.

According to Baumrind, children of authoritative parents:

Tend to have a happier dispositions
Have good emotional control and regulation
Develop good social skills
Are self-confident about their abilities to learn new skills
 Permissive parenting is sometimes known as
indulgent parenting. Parents who exhibit this style
make relatively few demands upon their children.
Because these parents have low expectations for
self-control and maturity, they rarely discipline
their children.

According to Baumrind, permissive parents "are

more responsive than they are demanding. They
are nontraditional and lenient, do not require
mature behavior, allow considerable self-
regulation, and avoid confrontation."
 Have few rules or standards of behaviour
When there are rules, they are often very
inconsistent
Are usually very nurturing and loving towards
their kids
Often seem more like a friend, rather than a
parent.
May use bribery such as toys, gifts and food
as a means to get child to behave
 Lack self-discipline
Sometimes have poor social skills
May be self-involved and demanding
May feel insecure due to the lack of
boundaries and guidance
 The PAQ is useful for assessing the permissiveness,
authoritarianism and authoritativeness exercised by
both mother and father.

Is it appropriate for both women and men who are

older adolescents or young adults.

Given the fact that parental authority has repeatedly

been cited as one of the principal variables of
importance in parent-child interactions.

The potential of the PAQ as a research tool in the

investigation of individual correlates of parental
permissiveness, authoritarianism and authoritativeness
is noteworthy