Outline

Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons

History
Compare to Linear Accelerators
Schematic Views
Theory of Circular Accelerators
Development of Synchrotron
Advantages over Cyclotron
Schematic View
Conclusion
Future of Synchrotrons
Applications of Synchrotron Radiation
 History Cyclotron conceived by E.
Lawrence in 1929
Ions accelerated using
radial magnetic force
Less voltage needed than in
linear accelerators
More compact

Synchrocyclotron developed
in 1950s
Relativistic mass increase
Synchrotron invented soon
thereafter
Varying magnetic field
http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/
Cheaper and Easier
Linear Accelerator
Compare to a circular accelerator
Much higher voltage needed
Not cost-effective

http://www-nsd.lbl.gov/
Cyclotron Schematic
Top View Side View
Injected ions

Uniform
Alternating B-field
region
E-field

Ejected ions
www.hyperphysics.com
 The Cyclotron B

Period is independent of F
velocity
Particle steered by magnet
v
Moves in larger circles in equal
amounts of time F= ma
Gains more & more energy q(vB)= mv2/ r

Accelerates to large energies For circular orbits,

without large voltages q(vB)= qvB

Energy limits- disk size, B-field r= mv/qB

strength ~~ 100 MeV = v/ r= qB/m

cyclotron frequency f=/2p = qB/2pm

http://www-nsd.lbl.gov/
 Synchrocyclotron
An augmented cyclotron
Particles in cyclotrons gain
mass due to relativity
Increases period each
revolution
frequency modulation

http://imglib.lbl.gov/cgi-bin/ImgLib
Synchrotron

Notice:
particles
travel in a
ring, not
a disk

universe-review.ca/
 Synchrotrons
Magnetic field gradually
increases as energy
increases
Particles accelerated in a
ring, not a disk
Allows for cheaper
construction

http://imglib.lbl.gov/cgi-bin/ImgLib
 Conclusion
The Future of Synchrotrons
Energies up to 1000 GeV
Behavior of the nucleus
The Strong Force
Quarks

Matter-antimatter collisions

Synchrotron Radiation
Unwanted byproduct
Applications
Surface Imaging
Semiconductor manufacture

Quicker computer processors http://www.europhysicsnews.com

 References
www.hyperphysics.com
http://www-nsd.lbl.gov/
http://universe-review.ca/
http://about-nature.net/synchrotron/
http://synchrotronsbasic.net
http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/mvigeant/
http://www.europhysicsnews.com/full/08/ar
ticle3/
http://imglib.lbl.gov/cgi-bin/ImgLib