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A Brief Introduction To Antennas & Transmission Lines: Prof. John Vesecky
A Brief Introduction To Antennas & Transmission Lines: Prof. John Vesecky
H = (1/o) curl A
E = (1/jo) curl H
o = Sqrt(o/o) = 377
Radiation from a Short Antenna Element
Terms that fall off as 1/r3 or 1/r2 are small at any
significant distance from an antenna
AR = Axial Ratio
Simple Dipole Antenna
Antenna Characterization
Directivity
Power Pattern
Antenna Gain
Effective Area
Antenna Efficiency
Antenna Directivity
An omnidirectional antenna radiates power
into all directions (4 steradians) equally
Typically an antenna wants to beam
radiation in a particular direction
Directivity
D = 4/, is the antenna beam
solid angle
What would be for one octant
(x,y,z all > 0) ?
Normalized Antenna Power Pattern
Pn(, ) =
S()/S()max
S()
= Poynting vector
magnitude
= [E2 + E2]/
= 376.7 free
space)
Radiation is from two slots on left and right edges of patch where
slot is region between patch and ground plane
Length d = /r1/2 Thickness typically 0.01
The big advantage is conformal, i.e. flat, shape and low weight
Disadvantages: Low gain, Narrow bandwidth (overcome by fancy
shapes and other heroic efforts), Becomes hard to feed when complex,
e.g. for wide band operation
Patch Antenna Pattern
Array Antennas
Patch Antenna Array for Space Craft
The antenna is composed
of two planar arrays, one
for L-band and one for C-
band.
Each array is composed of
a uniform grid of dual-
polarized microstrip
antenna radiators, with
each polarization port fed
by a separate corporate
feed network.
The overall size of the
SIR-C antenna is 12.0 x
3.7 meters
Used for synthetic
aperture radar
Very Large Array
Organization:
National Radio
Astronomy
Observatory
Location:Socorro NM
Wavelength:
radio 7 mm and larger
Number & Diameter
27 x 25 m
Angular resolution:
0.05 (7mm) to 700
arcsec
http://www.vla.nrao.edu/
Radio Telescope Results
This is a false-color image of the radio galaxy
3C296, associated with the elliptical galaxy
NGC5532. Blue colors show the distribution
of stars, made from an image from the
Digitized Second Palomar Sky Survey, and
red colors show the radio radiation as imaged
by the VLA, measured at a wavelength of
20cm. Several other galaxies are seen in this
image, but are not directly related to the radio
source. The radio emission is from relativistic
streams of high energy particles generated by
the radio source in the center of the radio
galaxy. Astronomers believe that the jets are
fueled by material accreting onto a super-
massive black hole. The high energy particles
are confined to remarkably well collimated
jets, and are shot into extragalactic space at
speeds approaching the speed of light, where
they eventually balloon into massive radio
lobes. The plumes in 3C296 measure 150 kpc
or 480,000 light years edge-to-edge diameter
(for a Hubble constant of 100 km/s/Mpc).
Investigator(s): J.P. Leahy & R.A. Perley.
Optical/Radio superposition by Alan Bridle
Impedance Matching