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12-Capital Structure and Leverage Pertemuan 12 MM UNPAM MARET 2017
12-Capital Structure and Leverage Pertemuan 12 MM UNPAM MARET 2017
13-2
Part I
13-3
What is business risk?
Uncertainty about future operating income (EBIT),
i.e., how well can we predict operating income?
Probability Low risk
High risk
0 E(EBIT) EBIT
13-5
What is operating leverage, and how
does it affect a firms business risk?
OL is defined as (%change in
EBIT)/(%change in sales).
Operating leverage is high if the
production requires higher fixed costs and
low variable costs.
13-6
Effect of operating leverage
More operating leverage leads to more
business risk, for then a small sales decline
causes a big profit decline.
$ Rev. $ Rev.
TC } Profit
TC
FC
FC
QBE Sales QBE Sales
13-7
Using operating leverage
EBITL EBITH
13-10
A summary
Operating Financial Business Financial
Leverage Leverage Risk Risk
%change in %change in Variability in Additional
EBIT/%change in NI/%change in EBIT the firms variability in net
sales expected EBIT. income available
to common
shareholders.
Increase with Increase with higher Increase with Increase with high
higher fixed cost debt high OL. FL.
If a firm already has high business risk, you may want to use less debt to get
less financial risk. If a firm has less business risk, you may afford high financial
risk.
13-11
An example:
Illustrating effects of financial leverage
Two firms with the same operating leverage,
business risk, and probability distribution of
EBIT.
Only differ with respect to their use of debt
(capital structure).
Firm U Firm L
No debt $10,000 of 12% debt
$20,000 in assets $20,000 in assets
40% tax rate 40% tax rate
13-12
Firm U: Unleveraged
Economy
Bad Avg. Good
Prob. 0.25 0.50 0.25
EBIT $2,000 $3,000 $4,000
Interest 0 0 0
EBT $2,000 $3,000 $4,000
Taxes (40%) 800 1,200 1,600
NI $1,200 $1,800 $2,400
13-13
Firm L: Leveraged
Economy
Bad Avg. Good
Prob.* 0.25 0.50 0.25
EBIT* $2,000 $3,000 $4,000
Interest 1,200 1,200 1,200
EBT $ 800 $1,800 $2,800
Taxes (40%) 320 720 1,120
NI $ 480 $1,080 $1,680
13-15
Risk and return for leveraged
and unleveraged firms
Expected Values:
Firm U Firm L
E(BEP) 15.0% = 15.0%
E(ROE) 9.0% < 10.8%
Risk Measures:
Firm U Firm L
ROE 2.12% < 4.24%
13-16
The Effect of Leverage on profitability
How does leverage affect the EPS and ROE of a firm?
When we increase the amount of debt financing, we
increase the fixed interest expense
If we have a good year (BEP > kd), then we pay our
fixed interest cost and we have more left over for our
stockholders
If we have a bad year (BEP < kd), we still have to
pay our fixed interest costs and we have less left over
for our stockholders
Leverage amplifies the variation in both EPS and ROE
13-17
Conclusions
Basic earning power (BEP) is unaffected
by financial leverage.
Firm L has higher expected ROE.
Firm L has much wider ROE (and EPS)
swings because of fixed interest charges.
Its higher expected return is
accompanied by higher risk.
13-18
Quick Quiz
Explain the effect of leverage on expected
ROE and risk
13-19
The degree of operating leverage is defined as:
a. % change in EBIT_____
% change in Variable Cost
b. % change in EBIT
% change in Sales
c. % change in Sales
% change in EBIT
d. % change in EBIT_______________
% change in contribution margin
13-20
Leverage will generally __________
shareholders' expected return and
_________ their risk.
a. increase; decrease
b. decrease; increase
c. increase; increase
d. increase; do nothing to
13-21
If a 10 percent increase in sales causes EBIT to
increase from $1mm to $1.50 mm,
13-22
Part II
Capital Structure
13-23
Capital Restructuring
We are going to look at how changes in
capital structure affect the value of the firm,
all else equal
Capital restructuring involves changing the
amount of leverage a firm has without
changing the firms assets
Increase leverage by issuing debt and
repurchasing outstanding shares
Decrease leverage by issuing new shares and
13-26
What effect does increasing debt have
on the cost of equity for the firm?
13-27
The Hamada Equation
Not Required
13-28
Finding Optimal Capital Structure
The firms optimal capital structure
can be determined two ways:
Minimizes WACC.
Maximizes stock price.
Both methods yield the same results.
13-29
Table for calculating WACC and
determining the minimum WACC
13-30
Table for determining the stock
price maximizing capital structure
Amount
Borrowed EPS ks P0
13-31
What is this firms optimal capital
structure?
Stock price P0 is maximized ($26.89) at D/A =
25%, so optimal D/A = 25%.
EPS is maximized at 50%(EPS= $3.90), but
primary interest is stock price, not E(EPS).
We could push up E(EPS) by using more
debt, but the higher risk more than offsets
the benefit of higher E(EPS).
13-32
Capital Structure Theory Under
Five Special Cases
Case I Assumptions
No corporate or personal taxes
No bankruptcy costs
Case II Assumptions
Corporate taxes, but no personal taxes
No bankruptcy costs
Case III Assumptions
Bankruptcy costs
Corporate taxes, but no personal taxes
Case IV Assumptions
Managers have private information
Case V Assumptions
13-33
Managers tend to waste firm money and not work hard.
Case I: Ignoring taxes and Bankruptcy Cost
13-34
Figure 13.3
13-35
Case II consider taxes but ignore bankruptcy cost
13-36
Case II consider taxes but ignore bankruptcy cost
13-37
13-38
Illustration of Case II
13-39
Case III consider both taxes and bankruptcy cost
13-40
Bankruptcy Costs (financial distress cost)
13-41
Case III
At some point, the additional value of the
interest tax shield will be offset by the
expected bankruptcy cost
After this point, the value of the firm will start
to decrease and the WACC will start to
increase as more debt is added
13-42
13-43
Case III (also called Modigliani-Miller static Theory)
13-44
Conclusions
Case I no taxes or bankruptcy costs
No optimal capital structure. Debt level does not
matter.
Case II corporate taxes but no bankruptcy costs
Optimal capital structure is 100% debt
13-45
3 cases
13-46
Case IV--Incorporating signaling effects
13-47
What are signaling effects in
capital structure?
Assume managers have better information
about a firms long-run prospect than outside
investors. They will issue stock if they think
stock is overvalued; they will issue debt if
they think stock is undervalued.
13-49
Case VHigh debt constrains managers
bad behavior
13-50
Case VHigh debt constrains managers
bad behavior
13-51
Observed Capital Structure In Reality
Capital structure does differ by industries.
Even for firms in same industry, capital
structures may vary widely.
Lowest levels of debt
Drugs with 2.75% debt
Computers with 6.91% debt
Highest levels of debt
Steel with 55.84% debt
Department stores with 50.53% debt
13-52
Conclusions on Capital Structure
Need to recognize inputs (such as bankruptcy
cost) are guesstimates.
As a result of imprecise estimates, capital
structure decisions have a large judgmental
content.
It may also mean you might feel the
knowledge is not very systematic in this
chapter. The textbook says that if you feel
our discussion of capital structure theory
imprecise and somewhat confusing, you are
not alone. .
13-53
How would these factors affect
the target capital structure?
1. High sales volatility? decrease
2. High operating leverage? decrease
3. Increase in the corporate tax rate?
increase
13-54
The tax savings of the firm derived from
the deductibility of interest expense is
called the:
13-55
A firm's optimal capital
structure occurs where?
a. EPS are maximized, and WACC is
minimized.
b. Stock price is maximized, and EPS are
maximized.
c. Stock price is maximized, and WACC is
maximized.
d. WACC is minimized, and stock price is
maximized.
e. All of the above.
13-56
The unlevered cost of capital is
a. the cost of capital for a firm with no equity in its
capital structure
b. the cost of capital for a firm with no debt in its
capital structure
c. the interest tax shield times pretax net income
d. the cost of preferred stock for a firm with equal
parts debt and common stock in its capital structure
e. equal to the profit margin for a firm with some
debt in its capital structure
13-57
The explicit costs associated with corporate
default, such as legal expenses, are the
____ of the firm
a. flotation costs
b. default beta coefficients
c. direct bankruptcy costs
d. indirect bankruptcy costs
e. default risk premia
13-58
The implicit costs associated with
corporate default, such as lost sales, are
the of the firm
a. flotation costs
b. default beta coefficients
c. direct bankruptcy costs
d. indirect bankruptcy costs
e. default risk premia
13-59
Which of the following conclusions can be
drawn from M&M Proposition I with taxes
(case II in our slides)?
a. The value of an unlevered firm exceeds the value
of a levered firm by the present value of the interest
tax shield.
b.There is a linear relationship between the amount
of debt in a levered firm and its value.
c. A levered firm can increase its value by reducing
debt.
d.The optimal amount of leverage for a firm is not
possible to determine.
e. The value of a levered firm is equal to its aftertax
EBIT discounted by the unlevered cost of capital.
13-60
Which of the following statements
regarding leverage is true?
a. If things go poorly for the firm, increased
leverage provides greater returns to shareholders
(as measured by ROE and EPS).
b. As a firm levers up, shareholders are exposed to
more risk.
c. The benefits of leverage will be greater for a
firm with substantial accumulated losses or other
types of tax shields compared to a firm without
many tax shields.
d. The benefits of leverage always outweigh the
costs of financial distress.
13-61
If managers in a firm tend to waste
shareholders money by spending too much on
corporate jets, lavish offices, and so on,
13-62
If you know that your firm is facing relatively poor
prospects but needs new capital, and you know that
investors do not have this information, signaling theory
would predict that you would:
13-63