Families yielding important

phytopharmaceuticals
Rafflesia arnoldii
(Rafflesiaceae)
ANGIOSPERMAE
(MAGNOLIPHYTA)
 Alliaceae (Monocotyledonae)
 Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
 Araliaceae
 Asphodelaceae (Monocotyledonae)
 Asteraceae (Compositae)
 Caesalpiniaceae
 Fabaceae
 Hypericaceae
Angiospermae (Cont’)
 Lamiaceae
 Palmaceae (Arecaceae, Palmae)
 Piperaceae
 Poaceae
 Rhamnaceae
 Rutaceae
 Solanaceae
 Zingiberaceae
GYMNOSPERMS
 Ginkgoaceae
 Pinaceae
1. Alliaceae (Onion family)

80 genera, 1.586 species

Alliaceae
 Allium is the only important genus of this family with
Allium sativum

 Well known for very smile sulphur-containing

compounds, alliin and allicin as bactericidal antibiotic,
treatment for arterial hypertension, prevention for
arterioschlerosis and stroke.
 Garlic capsules combined with diabetes medication can
cause a dangerous decrease in blood sugars. Some
people who are sensitive to garlic may experience
heartburn and flatulence.
 Garlic has anti-clotting properties.
 Alliinase Allicin

Alliin

• Allicin reduce atherosclerosis and fat deposition.

• Normalize the lipoprotein balance, decrease blood
pressure
•have anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory activities,
• antibacteriial, and function as an antioxidant.
2. Apiaceae (Umbeliferae)
Carrot family

Foeniculum vulgare
Coriandrum sativum
 Carum carvi (caraway)  carminative
 Coriandrum sativum (coriander)  anxiolytic,
carminative, improve digestion
 Foeniculum vulgare (fennel)
 Levisticum officinale (lovage)  tea for antiseptic n
improve digestion
 Pimpinella anisum (anise-fruit)  expectorant,
spasmolytic
 Rich in essential oil
Caraway
 A carminative,
a tisane made from
the seeds is used as
a remedy for colic,
loss of appetite and
digestive disorders
and to dispel worms
Jintan hitam
(black cumin- habatussauda)
 black cumin oil contains nigellone, which
protects guinea pigs from histamine-induced
bronchial spasms (perhaps explaining its use
to relieve the symptoms of asthma,
bronchitis, and coughing).
 The presence of an anti-tumor sterol, beta-
sitosterol, to treat abscesses and tumors.
 Nigella sativa oil has been reported to be
effective in treating opioid dependence.
Fennel (adas)
 Fennel contains anethole,
which can explain some of
its medical effects: it, or
its polymers, act as
phytoestrogens
 On account of its aromatic
and carminative (anti
flatulence) properties,
Fennel is chiefly used
medicinally with purgatives
(laxative)
Araliaceae
 Hedera helix (common ivy) used as cough
remedy
 Panax ginseng, us as adaptogen, and to combat
mental and physical stress- sometimes replaced
by Eleutherecoccus (Acanthopanax) senticosus
 Saponins (hederasaponins- secretolytic of
hedera helix), triterpenoids (ginsengosides), and
some acetylenic compounds.
 Ivy, Hedera helix
 Contain saponin (hederosaponin, hederacoside,
bayogenin) as spasmolytic.

 It is used for bronchitis, and expectorant, also cellulite.

 SE: irritant and allergenic
 Hedera helix
Ginseng

 American and Panax (asia)

ginseng
 Adaptogens, aphrodisiacs,
type 2 diabetes
 Side effect: inability to
sleep
Ginseng:

Used to help reduce stress, boost energy and

improve stamina, and may also help lower
cholesterol.

Can cause nervousness and excitation, and overuse

can lead to headaches, insomnia and heart
palpitations.

Can increase blood pressure. Should not be used if

taking prescriptions for high blood pressure or
Coumadin.
Asphodelaceae
 Included in Liliacea
 Aloe vera (A. barbadensis), A. ferox (Cape
aloe) both are strong purgatives
 Contain anthranoids and anthraglycosides
(aloe-emodin)
Aloe vera
 Treatment of wounds
 Anti bacterial, anti
fungal
 Anti hyperlipidemic
 For food, cosmetics
Asteraceae
 Arnica montana, topically for bruises
 Artemisia absinthum (wormwood/ absinthium) as a bitter
tonic and choleretic
 Calendula officinalis (marigold) topically for skin
afflictions
 Cnicus benedictus (cnicus) cholagogue/ a bitter aromatic
stimulant
 Cynara scolymus (artichoke) treatment of liver and
gallbladder complaints
 Echinaceae angustifolia (cone flower) immunostimulant
 Matricaria recutita (chamomille/ camomille)
 Tussilago farfara (colstfoot) expectorant and demulcent
Echinaceae
 Echinacea purpurea & E.
angustifolia mengandung
konsentrasi tinggi isobutilamida
 Merupakan immunomodulator
 menstimulasi phagocytosis
 COX-2 inhibitors (anti-inflamasi)
Caesalpiniaceae
 Cassia senna L and C. angustifolia as a
cathartic
 Anthranoid  strong laxative
 Senna, Cassia senna (Sennae fructus, sennae folium)
* Contain senidin A and B, aloe-emodin, rhein,

Sennae folium
Fabaceae
 Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) expectorant  OBH
 Licorice: used to treat coughs, colds and peptic ulcers.
High doses can lead to increased blood pressure, water
retention and potassium loss.
 Do not use with diuretics or digoxin because it could lead
to further loss of potassium, essential for heart function.
 Physostigma venenosum
  physostigmine
(cholinesterase inhibitor) 
glaucoma, atropine poisoning
Hypericaceae
 Hypericum perforatum
(St. John’s wort)
Treatment for depression
and topical inflammation
 Hypericin is believed to exert a similar
influence on the brain as the monoamine
oxidase (MAO) inhibitors such as the one
in major antidepressants  dizziness,
agitation and confusion
Lamiaceae
 Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) 
carminative & spasmolytic
 Melissa officinalis
 Mentha arvensis/ M. piperita  essential
oil
 Salvia officinalis
 Thymus vulgaris
 Salvia officinalis

 Contain: volatile oil, thujone (50%), cineole,

camphor.
 It is used as gargle, anti-inflammatory,
antimicrobial.
 Thymus vulgaris

 The active component is thymol

(expectorant, antiseptic, spasmolytic),
 apigenin, luteolin contribute to anti-
inflammatory and antimicrobial activity.

 SE: irritant
Palmaceae ( Arecaceae)
 Serenoa repens
(saw palmetto)
 Areca catechu 
anti depressant
Saw palmetto
 The fruits of the saw
palmetto are highly enriched
with fatty acids and
phytosterols, and extracts of
the fruits have been the
subject of intensive research
for the treatment of urinary
tract infections and benign
prostatic hyperplasia
Papaveraceae
 Papaver somniferum (opium)  narcotic
 Alkaloids  morphine, papaverine,
codeine, thebaine, noscapine
Papaver somniferum
Piperaceae
 Piper nigrum  black pepper
 As a rubefacient
Rubiaceae
 Cinchona sucirubra  against malaria
 Coffea arabica  stimulant
Rutaceae
 Pilocarpus jaborandi  pilocarpin
 Citrus
 Pilocarpine is often used as an antidote
for scopolamine, atropine, and hyoscyamine
 Pilocarpine stimulates the secretion of large
amounts of saliva and sweat.
 is used to diagnose cystic fibrosis (CF)
Solanaceae
 Atropa belladona
 Datura stramonium
 Hyoscyamus niger
Spasmolytic
Atropa belladonna
Datura stramonium Hyoscyamus
niger
Zingiberaceae
 Turmeric
 C. xanthorrhiza (temu lawak)
•Ginger (Z. officinale)

Contain essential oil zingiberene and β-bisabolene,

shogaol provide hepatoprotective effects, warming
effect, anti-emetic, antiflatulent, etc.

Fresh rhizome (vomiting, coughs, abdominal distension,

and pyrexia) dried rhizome (abdominal pain, lumbago
and diarrhoea)
It is regarded as safe.
GYMNOSPERMAE
 Ginkgoaceae
 G. biloba
Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo folium)
 It improves blood circulation.
 Ginkgolides are specific platelet-
activating factor (PAF) antagonist,
so inhibit platelet aggregation and
cerebral ischaemia.
 Dose 120-160 mg
of extract per day.
Ginkgo:

Increases blood flow and circulation throughout the body,

can also help improve memory.

May interact with anti-coagulant medications such as

Aspirin, Coumadin, heparin and warfarin, causing the blood
to thin too much, and provoking a serious bleeding disorder.

A recent report in the New England Journal of Medicine

describes a case of a man who'd been taking Aspirin to
prevent a heart attack and had spontaneous bleeding into
the eye from the iris within a week of taking a daily dose of
ginkgo.