Projects IIST 4 Sept'2010

Projects ???
1 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu
Interpolants
Polynomials are the most common
choice of interpolants because they
are easy to:
Evaluate
Differentiate, and
Integrate.
Newton’s Divided Difference
Method
Method
İf two data points are availablee as {x0,f(x0)} and
{x1,f(x1)}, the points can be connected by a straight
line to obtain the simplest form of
interpolation,namely,linear interpolation. (see
Fig.5.4.)The formula for linear interpolation can be
derived by considering the similar triangles ADE and
ABC, which give
DE BC f1(x) – f(x0) f(x1) – f(x0)
= , or =
AE AC x –x0 x1 – x0
Method
Linear interpolation: Given ( x0 , y 0 ), ( x1 , y1 ), pass a
linear interpolant through the data
f1 ( x)  b0  b1 ( x  x0 )
where
b0  f ( x0 )
f ( x1 )  f ( x0 )
b1 
x1  x0
Example
The path of a rapid laser is given by these specifications.
If the laser is traversing from x = 2 to x = 4.25 in a
linear path, find the value of y at x = 4 using the
Newton’s Divided difference polynomial method.
x (m) y (m) Path of a robot
2 7.2 8
7
4.25 7.1 6
5
5.25 6 4
Y
7.81 5 2
1
0
9.2 3.5 0 5 10 15
10.6 5 X
Linear Interpolation
7.2
7.2
y ( x)  b0  b1 ( x  x0 ) 7.18
x0  2.00, y ( x0 )  7.2 ys
7.16
f ( range)
7.14
x1  4.25, y ( x1 )  7.1 
f x desired 
7.12
b0  y ( x0 )  7.2 7.1
y (x 1 )  y (x 0 ) 7.1  7.2 7.1 7.08
b1  
5 0 5 10
x s 10 x s  range x desired x s  10
x1 x 0 4.25  2.00
0 1
 0.04444
Linear Interpolation (contd)
7.2
7.2
7.18
7.16
ys
f ( range)
7.14

f x desired 
7.12
7.1
7.1 7.08
5 0 5 10
x s 10 x s  range x desired x s  10
0 1
y ( x)  b0  b1 ( x  x0 )
 7.2  0.04444( x  2.00), 2.00  x  4.25
At x  4
x(4.00)  7.2  0.04444(4.00  2.00)
8  7.1111 in. http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu
Example:find value of f(x)=e0.5x Use the
results to estimate the value of f at x=1
x0=0 and x1= 2
f(x0)= f(0) = e0 =1.0

f(x1) = f(2) = e1.0= 2.718282
f1(x) = b0 + a1 (x-x0)
a0=f(x0) = 1.0
f(x1)-f(x0) 2.718282 – 1.0
a1 = =
x1 – x0 2.0 – 0.0
a1=0.859141
Example:find value of f(x)=e0.5x Use the
results to estimate the value of f at x=1
x0=0 and x1= 2
f1(x) = 1.0 + 0.859141x

X=1.0
f1(1) = 1.0 + 0.859141(1) = 1.859141
exect value :f(1) = e0.5 = 1.648721
Quadratic Interpolation
Given ( x0 , y 0 ), ( x1 , y1 ), and ( x 2 , y 2 ), fit a quadratic interpolant through the data.
f 2 ( x)  b0  b1 ( x  x0 )  b2 ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )
b0  f ( x0 )
f ( x1 )  f ( x0 )
b1 
x1  x 0
f ( x 2 )  f ( x1 ) f ( x1 )  f ( x 0 )

x 2  x1 x1  x0
b2 
x 2  x0
Example
If the laser is traversing from x = 2 to x = 4.25 to
x=5.25 using a quadratic path, find the value of y at x
= 4 using the Newton’s Divided difference polynomial
method.
2 7.2 8
7
4.25 7.1 6
5
5.25 6 4
Y
7.81 5 2
1
0
9.2 3.5 0 5 10 15
10.6 5 X
Quadratic Interpolation (contd)
8
7.56258
7.5
ys
f ( range)
7

f x desired 
6.5
6 6
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
2 x s  range x desired 5.25
y ( x)  b0  b1 ( x  x0 )  b2 ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )
x 0  2.00, y ( x0 )  7.2
x1  4.25, y ( x1 )  7.1
14
x 2  5.25, y ( x 2 )  6.0 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu
b0  y ( x0 )
 7. 2
y ( x1 )  y ( x0 ) 7.1  7.2
b1  
x1  x 0 4.25  2.00
 0.04444
y ( x 2 )  y ( x1 ) y ( x1 )  y ( x0 ) 6.0  7.1 7.1  7.2
 
x 2  x1 x1  x 0
b2   5.25  4.25 4.25  2.00
x 2  x0 5.25  2.00
 1.1  0.04444

3.25
 0.32479
y ( x)  b0  b1 ( x  x0 )  b2 ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )
 7.2  0.04444( x  2.00)  0.32479( x  2.00)( x  4.25), 2.00  x  5.25
At x  4,
y (4.00)  7.2  0.04444(4.00  2.00)  0.32479(4.00  2.00)( 4.00  4.25)
 7.2735 in.
The absolute relative approximate error a obtained between the
results from the first and second order polynomial is
7.2735  7.1111
a   100
7.2735
 2.2327%
General Form
f 2 ( x)  b0  b1 ( x  x0 )  b2 ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )
where
b0  f [ x0 ]  f ( x0 )
f ( x1 )  f ( x 0 )
b1  f [ x1 , x0 ] 
x1  x0
f ( x 2 )  f ( x1 ) f ( x1 )  f ( x0 )

f [ x 2 , x1 ]  f [ x1 , x0 ] x 2  x1 x1  x0
b2  f [ x 2 , x1 , x0 ]  
x 2  x0 x 2  x0
Rewriting
f 2 ( x)  f [ x0 ]  f [ x1 , x0 ]( x  x0 )  f [ x 2 , x1 , x0 ]( x  x0 )( x  x1 )
General Form
Given (n  1) data points,  x0 , y 0  ,  x1 , y1  ,......,  x n 1 , y n 1  ,  x n , y n  as
f n ( x)  b0  b1 ( x  x0 )  ....  bn ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )...( x  x n 1 )
where
b0  f [ x0 ]
b1  f [ x1 , x0 ]
b2  f [ x 2 , x1 , x0 ]

bn 1  f [ x n 1 , x n  2 ,...., x 0 ]
bn  f [ x n , x n 1 ,...., x0 ]
General form
The third order polynomial, given ( x0 , y 0 ), ( x1 , y1 ), ( x 2 , y 2 ), and ( x3 , y 3 ), is
f 3 ( x)  f [ x0 ]  f [ x1 , x0 ]( x  x 0 )  f [ x 2 , x1 , x 0 ]( x  x0 )( x  x1 )
 f [ x3 , x 2 , x1 , x0 ]( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x 2 )
b0
x0 f ( x0 ) b1
f [ x1 , x0 ] b2
x1 f ( x1 ) f [ x 2 , x1 , x0 ] b3
f [ x 2 , x1 ] f [ x3 , x 2 , x1 , x0 ]
x2 f ( x2 ) f [ x3 , x 2 , x1 ]
f [ x3 , x 2 ]
x3 f ( x3 )
Example
The path of a rapid laser is given by these
specifications. Find the path traversed by the
laser using the Newton’s Divided Difference
Polynomial method.
2 7.2 8
7
4.25 7.1 6
5
5.25 6 4
Y
7.81 5 2
1
0
9.2 3.5 0 5 10 15
10.6 5 X
Example
The value of y profile is chosen as
y ( x)  b0  b1 ( x  x0 )  b2 ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )  b3 ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x 2 )
 b4 ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x 2 )( x  x3 )  b5 ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x 2 )( x  x3 )( x  x 4 )
Using the six points,
x0  2.00, y ( x0 )  7.2 x1  4.25, y ( x1 )  7.1
x 2  5.25, y ( x 2 )  6.0 x3  7.81, y ( x3 )  5.0
x 4  9.20, y ( x 4 )  3.5 x5  10.60, y ( x5 )  5.0
The values of the constants are found to be
b0  7.2 b1  0.04444 b2  0.32479
b3  0.090198 b4  0.023009 b5  0.0072922
Example
H en ce
y (x )  b 0  b 1 ( x  x 0 )  b 2 ( x  x 0 )( x  x 1 )  b 3 ( x  x 0 )( x  x 1 )( x  x 2 )
 b 4 ( x  x 0 ) ( x  x 1 ) ( x  x 2 ) ( x  x 3 )  b 5 ( x  x 0 )( x  x 1 ) ( x  x 2 ) ( x  x 3 ) ( x  x 4 )
 7 . 2  0 . 04 4 ( x  2 )  0 . 32479 ( x  2 )( x  4 . 2 5 )
 0 . 090198 ( x  2 )( x  4 . 2 5 )( x  5 . 2 5 )
 0 . 0230 9 ( x  2 )( x  4 . 2 5 ) ( x  5 . 2 5 ) ( x  7 . 8 1 )
 0 . 0 7292 ( x  2 ) ( x  4 . 2 5 )( x  5 . 2 5 ) ( x  7 . 8 1 ) ( x  9 . 2 )
y ( x )   30 . 898  41 . 34 x  15 . 85 x 2
 2 . 7862 x 3
 0 . 23091 x 4
 0 . 0 7292 x 5, 2  x  10 . 6
Example
Path of a robot
10
7 7.2 7.1
6 6
5 5 5
Y
4
3.5
3
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
X
y ( x )   30 . 898  41 . 344 x  15 . 855 x 2

 2 . 7862 x 3
 0 . 23091 x 4
 0 . 0072922 x5, 2  x  10 . 6
Newton-Gregory forward interpolation
formula
The general Newton’s interpolation

formula can be simplified when the data
points are equally spaced along x-axis.
The resulting formulas are also known
as Newton-Gregory formulas. İf h
denotes the interval between any two
concecutive values of xi(xi+1-xi=h) ve
can write
xi=x0 + ih , i=1,2,….,n.
formula
In this case, the coefficients of the interpolation

polynominal a0,a1,….,an can be expressed as,
∆0f0
a0=f(x0) =
h0
∆1f0 ∆0f0
a1 = =
h1 h0
formula
∆nf0
an =
n!hn
∆jf0 is the jth-order forward difference(j=1,2,……,n)
Using these relations we can write the nth-order
Newton’s interpolation polynominal as;
∆f0 ∆2f0
fn(x) =f(x0) + (x-x0) + (x-x0)(x-x0-h) +….
27 h 2!h2 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu
Interpolation using Splines ,Why Splines ?
1
f ( x) 
1  25 x 2
Table : Six equidistantly spaced points in [-1, 1]
1
x y
1  25 x 2
-1.0 0.038461
-0.6 0.1
-0.2 0.5
0.2 0.5
0.6 0.1
1.0 0.038461 Figure : 5th order polynomial vs. exact function
Why Splines ?
16th Order
Polynomial
Original
Function
4th Order
Polynomial
8th Order
Polynomial
Figure : Higher order polynomial interpolation is a bad idea

Given  x0 , y0  ,  x1 , y1  ,......,  x n 1 , y n1  x n , y n  , fit linear splines to the data. This simply involves
forming the consecutive data through straight lines. So if the above data is given in an ascending
order, the linear splines are given by  yi  f ( xi ) 
Figure : Linear splines
f ( x1 )  f ( x 0 )
f ( x )  f ( x0 )  ( x  x 0 ), x 0  x  x1
x1  x 0
f ( x 2 )  f ( x1 )
 f ( x1 )  ( x  x1 ), x1  x  x 2
x2  x1
.
.
.
f ( x n )  f ( x n 1 )
 f ( x n 1 )  ( x  x n 1 ), x n 1  x  x n
x n  x n 1
Note the terms of

f ( xi )  f ( x i1 )
xi  x i 1
in the above function are simply slopes between xi 1 and x i .

Example
If the laser is traversing from x = 2 to x = 4.25 in a linear
path, find the value of y at x = 4 using the linear spline
interpolation method.
2 7.2 8
7
4.25 7.1 6
5
5.25 6 4
Y
7.81 5 2
1
0
9.2 3.5 0 5 10 15
10.6 5 X
x 0  2.00, y ( x0 )  7.2
7.2
7.2
x1  4.25, y ( x1 )  7.1
7.18
y ( x1 )  y ( x0 )
y ( x)  y ( x 0 )  ( x  x0 ) ys
7.16
x1  x 0 f ( range)
7.14

f x desired 
7.1  7.2
 7. 2  ( x  2.00) 7.12
4.25  2.00
7.1
y ( x)  7.2  0.04444( x  2.00) 7.1 7.08

5 0 5 10
At x  4, x s 10
0
x s  range x desired x s  10
1
y (4.00)  7.2  0.04444(4.00  2.00)

 7.1111 in.
Find the path of the robot if it follows linear splines.
The linear spline connecting x = 2.00 and x = 4.25.

y ( x)  7.2  0.04444( x  2.00), 2.00  x  4.25
Similarly
y ( x)  7.1  1.1( x  4.25), 4.25  x  5.25
y ( x)  6.0  0.390625( x  5.25), 5.25  x  7.81
y ( x)  5.0  1.07914( x  7.81), 7.81  x  9.20
y ( x)  3.5  1.07143( x  9.20), 9.20  x  10.60
Find the length of the path traversed by the robot
following linear splines.
T h e le n g th o f th e ro b o t’s p a th c a n b e fo u n d b y s im p ly a d d in g th e le n g th
o f th e lin e s e g m e n ts to g e th e r. T h e le n g th o f a s tra ig h t lin e fro m o n e p o in t
( x 0 , y 0 ) to a n o th e r p o in t ( x 1 , y 1 ) is g iv e n b y (x1  x0 )2  ( y1  y0 )2 .
H e n c e , th e le n g th o f th e lin e a r s p lin e s f r o m x = 2 .0 0 to x = 1 0 .6 0 is
L  ( 4 . 25  2 . 00 ) 2  ( 7 . 1  7 . 2 ) 2  ( 5 . 25  4 . 25 ) 2  ( 6 . 0  7 . 1 ) 2
 ( 7 . 81  5 . 25 ) 2  ( 5 . 0  6 . 0 ) 2  ( 9 . 20  7 . 81 ) 2  ( 3 . 5  5 . 0 ) 2
 ( 10 . 60  9 . 20 ) 2  ( 5 . 0  3 . 5 ) 2
L = 1 0 .5 8 4 m
Exemple: find a linear spline to fit the
following data :
i xi f(xi)
Use the results to estimate
the value of f at x= 7.0.
0 14.0
1 2.0
20.0
2 17.0
3.0
3 16.0
4 6.5 23.0
8.0
12.0
solution
The data points can be joined by straight
lines to linear spline.since x=7.0 lies in
the interval (6.5 to 8.0) we can find the
equation of the straight line between
x=6.5 and x=8.0 as
f(x3) – f(x2)
f3(x) = f(x2) + (x-x2)
x 3 – x2
Solution(con)
f3(x) = 17.0 +((16.0 – 17.0) / (8.0 -6.5)) (x-6.5)
= 21.3333 – 0.6667x
The value of f at x=7.0 can be estimated as
f(7.0)=21.3333-0.6667(7.0) = 16.6664
Given  x0 , y0  ,  x1 , y1  ,......,  x n 1 , y n 1  ,  x n , y n  , fit quadratic splines through the data. The splines
are given by
f ( x )  a1 x 2  b1 x  c1 , x 0  x  x1
 a 2 x 2  b2 x  c2 , x1  x  x 2
.
.
.
 a n x 2  bn x  cn , x n1  x  x n
Find a i , bi , ci , i  1, 2, …, n
Each quadratic spline goes through two consecutive data points
2
a1 x 0  b1 x 0  c1  f ( x0 )
a1 x1  b1 x1  c1  f ( x1 )
2
.
.
.
2
a i xi 1  bi xi 1  ci  f ( xi 1 )
2
a i xi  bi xi  c i  f ( xi ) .
.
.
2
a n x n 1  bn x n1  c n  f ( xn 1 )
2
a n x n  bn xn  cn  f ( x n )
This condition gives 2n equations

Quadratic Splines (contd)
The first derivatives of two quadratic splines are continuous at the interior points.
For example, the derivative of the first spline
a1 x 2  b1 x  c1 is 2 a1 x  b1
The derivative of the second spline
a 2 x 2  b2 x  c 2 is 2 a2 x  b2
and the two are equal at x  x1 giving
2 a1 x1  b1  2a 2 x1  b2
2 a1 x1  b1  2a 2 x1  b2  0
Similarly at the other interior points,
2a 2 x 2  b2  2a3 x 2  b3  0
.
.
.
2ai xi  bi  2ai 1 xi  bi 1  0
.
.
.
2a n 1 x n 1  bn 1  2a n x n1  bn  0
We have (n-1) such equations. The total number of equations is (2n)  (n  1)  (3n  1) .
We can assume that the first spline is linear, that is a1  0
This gives us ‘3n’ equations and ‘3n’ unknowns. Once we find the ‘3n’ constants,
we can find the function at any value of ‘x’ using the splines,
f ( x)  a1 x 2  b1 x  c1 , x0  x  x1
 a 2 x 2  b2 x  c 2 , x1  x  x 2
.
.
.
 a n x 2  bn x  c n , x n 1  x  x n
Example
The path of a rapid laser is given by these specifications
in Cartesian co-ordinates. Find the length of the path
traversed by the robot using quadratic splines.
2 7.2 8
7
4.25 7.1 6
5
5.25 6 4
Y
7.81 5 2
1
0
9.2 3.5 0 5 10 15
10.6 5 X
Solution
Since there are six data points, 7.2
8
five quadratic splines pass through them. 7
y ( x)  a1 x 2  b1 x  c1 , 2.00  x  4.25
6
 a 2 x 2  b2 x  c 2 , 4.25  x  5.25
y
 a 3 x 2  b3 x  c3 , 5.25  x  7.81 4
 a 4 x 2  b4 x  c 4 , 7.81  x  9.20 3.5 3

2 4 6 8 10 12
2 x 10.6
 a5 x 2  b5 x  c5 , 9.20  x  10.60
Solution (contd)
Setting up the equations
Each quadratic spline passes through two consecutive data points giving
a1 x 2  b1 x  c1 passes through x = 2.00 and x = 4.25,
a1 (2.00) 2  b1 ( 2.00)  c1  7.2 (1)
a1 (4.25) 2  b1 (4.25)  c1  7.1 (2)

Similarly,
a 2 ( 4.25) 2  b2 ( 4.25)  c 2  7.1 (3)
a 2 (5.25) 2  b2 (5.25)  c 2  6.0 (4)
a3 (5.25) 2  b3 (5.25)  c3  6.0 (5)
a 3 (7.81) 2  b3 (7.81)  c3  5.0 (6)
a 4 (7.81) 2  b4 (7.81)  c 4  5.0 (7)
a 4 (9.20) 2  b4 (9.20)  c 4  3.5 (8)
a5 (9.20) 2  b5 (9.20)  c5  3.5 (9)
a 5 (10.60) 2  b5 (10.60)  c5  5.0 (10)

Solution (contd)
Quadratic splines have continuous derivatives at the interior data points
At x = 4.25
2a1 (4.25)  b1  2a 2 (4.25)  b2  0 (11) 7.56258
8
At x = 5.25
7.5
2a 2 (5.25)  b2  2a 3 (5.25)  b3  0 (12) ys
At x = 7.81 f ( range)

f x desired 
7
2a3 (7.81)  b3  2a 4 (7.81)  b4  0 (13)

6.5
At x = 9.20
2a 4 (9.20)  b4  2a5 (9.20)  b5  0 (14) 6 6
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
2 x s  range x desired 5.25
Assuming the first spline a1 x 2  b1 x  c1 is linear,
a1  0 (15)
Solution (contd)
 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  a1  7.2
18.063 4.25 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  b1   7.1
 0 0 0 18.063 4.25 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 c1
    7.1
    
 0 0 0 27.563 5.25 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  a 2  6.0
 0 0 0 0 0 0 27.563 5.25 1 0 0 0 0 0 0  b2  6.0
 0 0 0 0 0 0 60.996 7.81 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 c 2
  5.0
    
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60.996 7.81 1 0 0 0  a 3  5.0 
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 84.64 9.2 1 0 0 0  b3   3.5
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 84.64 9.2 1   c 3  3.5
    
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 112.36 10.6 1   a 4  5.0 
 8.5 1 0  8.5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0   b4   0 
 0 0 0 10.5 1 0  10.5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  c 4   0 
    
0  15.62 1 0 0 a5 
 0 0 0 0 0 0 15.62 1 0 0
 0
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18.4 1 0  18.4  1 0  b5   0 
 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  c 5   0 
Solution (contd)
Solving the above 15 equations gives the 15 unknowns as
i ai bi ci
1 0 -0.04444 7.2889
2 -1.0556 8.9278 -11.777
3 0.68943 -9.3945 36.319
4 -1.7651 28.945 -113.40
5 3.2886 -64.042 314.34
Solution (contd)
Therefore, the splines are given by
y ( x)  0.04444 x  7.2889, 2.00  x  4.25
 1.0556 x 2  8.9278 x  11 .777, 4.25  x  5.25
 0.68943 x 2  9.3945 x  36.319, 5.25  x  7.81
 1.7651x 2  28.945 x  113 .40, 7.81  x  9.20
 3.2886 x 2  64.042 x  314.34, 9.20  x  10.60
Solution (contd)
8
8
6
The length of a curve of a function y  f (x) from ‘a’ to ‘b’ is given by
b 2
 dy  y
L 1    dx f quadratic( range)

4
a  dx 
In this case, f(x) is defined by five separate functions a = 2.00 to b = 10.60 2
dy d
   0.04444 x  7.2889 , 2.00  x  4.25
dx dx 0 0
2 4 6 8 10

d
dx
  1.0556 x 2  8.9278 x  11 .777 , 4.25  x  5.25
1.5 x range 11

d
dx
 0.68943 x 2  9.3945 x  36.319, 5.25  x  7.81
d
   1.7651x 2  28.945x  113 .40, 7.81  x  9.20
dx

d
dx
 3.2886 x 2  64.042 x  314.34 , 9.20  x  10.60
Solution (contd)
4.25 2 5.25 2 7.81 2 9.20 2 10.60 2
 dy   dy   dy   dy   dy 
L 
2.00
1    dx   1      1      1    
 dx  4.25  dx  5.25  dx  7.81  dx 

9.20
1  
 dx 
4.25 5.25 7.81
 1    0.04444  dx   1    2.1111 x  8.9278 dx   1  1.3788 x  9.3945 dx

2 2 2

2.00 4.25 5.25
9.20 10.60
 1    3.5302 x  28.945 dx   1   6.5772 x  64.042  dx

2 2

7.81 9.20
 2.2522  1.5499  3.6596  2.6067  3.8080
 13.876
Comparison
Compare the answer from part (a) to linear spline
result and fifth order polynomial result.
We can find the length of the fifth order polynomial result in a similar fashion to the quadratic
splines without breaking the integrals into five intervals. The fifth order polynomial result
through the six points is given by
y ( x)  30.898  41.344 x  15.855 x 2  2.7862 x 3  0.23091x 4  0.0072923x 5 , 2  x  10.6
Therefore,
b 2
 dy 
L 1    dx
a  dx 
10.60
  1   41.344  31.710 x  8.3586 x 2  0.92364 x 3  0.036461x 4  dx
2.00
 13.133
C programming
#include<stdio.h>
/* interpolation using splines */
int main(void)
{
int n,i,i1,i2;
float x[30],fx[30],xx,ffx,a,b;
printf("Enter number of datapoints\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("enter data points (values of x) \n");
for( i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%f",&x[i]);
printf(" enter function values (fx) \n");
for( i=0;i<n;i++) scanf("%f",&fx[i]);
C programming
printf(" enter interval x\n");
scanf("%f%f",&a,&b);
printf(" enter index of interval\n");
scanf("%d%d",&i1,&i2);
printf(" enter to be estimated value of x\n");
scanf("%f",&xx);
ffx=fx[i1]+((fx[i2]-fx[i1])/(b-a))*(xx-a);
printf(" at %10.3f ",xx);
printf(" function values \n");
printf("%10.3f",ffx);
return 0;
}

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x (m) y (m) Path of a robot

y (x 1 )  y (x 0 ) 7.1  7.2 7.1 7.08

f(x0)= f(0) = e0 =1.0

f1(x) = 1.0 + 0.859141x

exect value :f(1) = e0.5 = 1.648721

x (m) y (m) Path of a robot

y ( x )   30 . 898  41 . 344 x  15 . 855 x 2

The general Newton’s interpolation

In this case, the coefficients of the interpolation

1.0 0.038461 Figure : 5th order polynomial vs. exact function

Figure : Higher order polynomial interpolation is a bad idea

Note the terms of

in the above function are simply slopes between xi 1 and x i .

x (m) y (m) Path of a robot

y ( x)  7.2  0.04444( x  2.00) 7.1 7.08

y (4.00)  7.2  0.04444(4.00  2.00)

The linear spline connecting x = 2.00 and x = 4.25.

This condition gives 2n equations

x (m) y (m) Path of a robot

five quadratic splines pass through them. 7

 a 4 x 2  b4 x  c 4 , 7.81  x  9.20 3.5 3

a1 (2.00) 2  b1 ( 2.00)  c1  7.2 (1)

a1 (4.25) 2  b1 (4.25)  c1  7.1 (2)

a 2 (5.25) 2  b2 (5.25)  c 2  6.0 (4)

a3 (5.25) 2  b3 (5.25)  c3  6.0 (5)

a 3 (7.81) 2  b3 (7.81)  c3  5.0 (6)

a 4 (7.81) 2  b4 (7.81)  c 4  5.0 (7)

a 4 (9.20) 2  b4 (9.20)  c 4  3.5 (8)

a5 (9.20) 2  b5 (9.20)  c5  3.5 (9)

a 5 (10.60) 2  b5 (10.60)  c5  5.0 (10)

2a 2 (5.25)  b2  2a 3 (5.25)  b3  0 (12) ys

2a3 (7.81)  b3  2a 4 (7.81)  b4  0 (13)

Assuming the first spline a1 x 2  b1 x  c1 is linear,

2 -1.0556 8.9278 -11.777

3 0.68943 -9.3945 36.319

4 -1.7651 28.945 -113.40

5 3.2886 -64.042 314.34

 1.0556 x 2  8.9278 x  11 .777, 4.25  x  5.25

 0.68943 x 2  9.3945 x  36.319, 5.25  x  7.81

 1.7651x 2  28.945 x  113 .40, 7.81  x  9.20

 3.2886 x 2  64.042 x  314.34, 9.20  x  10.60

L 1    dx f quadratic( range)

4.25 5.25 7.81

 1    0.04444  dx   1    2.1111 x  8.9278 dx   1  1.3788 x  9.3945 dx

 1    3.5302 x  28.945 dx   1   6.5772 x  64.042  dx

 2.2522  1.5499  3.6596  2.6067  3.8080

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Projects IIST 4 Sept'2010

Projects IIST 4 Sept'2010