Nematodes (Roundworms)

Different types
of Oesophagus
 Developement of nematodes
• Ecdysis
• 4 moultings will occur
• Each moulting – active & inactive /lethargic
phases
• Eggs of nematodes may be
Oviparous, Ovoviviparous & Viviparous
• In most of nematodes – L 3 infective stage
except in Ascarid – L 2 is infective.
Hypobiosis - occur with in hosts & seasonally
Eg – Osterstagia, Trichostrongylus
Peri parturient rise / Post parturient rise /
Spring rise
B’coz of temporary relaxation of host immunity
due to change in circulating level of Prolactin
 Family – Ascaridae
• Gen : Ascaris suum, S.I, Pig,
• Largest pig nematode.
• Milk spotted liver
• Thumps
• Mac Lean County system
Ransom
G:Parascaris.
Sp: P.equorum
■ S.I- Horse & Dog
■ Mechanical occlusion in
heavy infection
G: Toxocara
Sp: T.canis
• S.I- dogs & foxes
• MOI
• Oral-prenatal-
transmammary-
paratenic host (Rodent, mice,rabbits,
L/C- depends on age
of host –
1) Direct (<3 m puppy) –
trachael migration
2) Prenatal (>3 m dogs)-
Somatic migration
3) Transmammary route
4) Paratenic hosts
T.cati
• S.I – cats
• Arrow headed worms

• Prenatal infection is absent

• Paratenic – earthworm, cockroach, chicken &
Sheep.
Toxascaris leonina
• S.I- dog & cats
• Grossly resempbles T.cati but
Cer Alae is lanceolate in shape
Both transmammary & pre natal
infection are absent
T.Vitulorum ( Neoascaris vitulorum)
S.I – C & B
• Largest intestinal worm of cattle
• MOI- Transmammary – main
• L/C- upto 3-4 wks – no patent
infection
• But calves of > 6 m age – larvae
migrate to various tissues – dormant-
during pregnancy – transamammary
• Mud colored faeces – parasitic white
scours
& Acetone like odour
 Visceral larval migrans/OLM/Human
toxocarosis
• Larvae of T.canis, cati, vitulorum, T.leonina,
C.hepatica
• 1-5 yr age
• Visceral organs- larvae blocked by infla rxn-
granuloma formation in which larvae die
 G: Ascaridia
Sp: A .galli
• Largest nematode of poultry
• S.I- domestic & wild birds
• MOI- ingestion of contaminated feed & water with
L 2 / Paratenic host – earthworm & gross hoppers
• Young birds of 1-3 m
• Piperazine – Drug of choice
• A. columbae- Pigeons, A.dissimilis-turkey
G; Heterakis,
Sp; H.gallinarum
• Caecal worm of poultry
• L.I esp caecum- domestic & wild birds
• Commonest nematode parasite of poultry
• Non patho, but acts as a vector for
Histomonas meleagridis.
• H.isolonche – pheasants, H,dispar- duck &
goose
 G;Subulura, Sp: S.brumpti
• Pin worm of poultry

• Gen: Anisakis
• Sps: A.simplex – herring worm

• Gen: Psuedoterranova
• Sps: P.decipiens – Cod / Seal worm
Family : Strongyloididae
G: Strongyloides
Sp: S.papillosus – Ruminants- Intestinal
threadworm of cattle
S.westeri-equines
S.ransomi-pigs
S.stercoralis-dogs, cats, man
S.avium- fowl, turkey
• 2 types of generation- free living & parasitic
• Parasitic females are parthenogenetic.
• L/C – homogonic (unfavourable envtal
condition)/ heterogonic .
• Larva currens
 G: Strongylus (red worms, palisade worms)
S.edentatus S.equinus S.vulgaris
(medium) (large) (smallest)

• Prediln - fla & hep lig pancrease cranial mes @

site ( verminous
aneurysms)
 G: Chabertia - Sp: C.ovina
• Colon – S ,G&C
• Large mouthed bowel worm of ruminants
• L 5 & adults – most pathogenic
 G; oesophagostomum
• Sp: O.columbianum, venulosum,
asperum – S&G
• O.radiatum – C & B
• O. dentatum, quadrispinulatum –
pigs
• Loc: L.I, CN : Nodular worms
• O.columbianum O.radiatum
O.dentatum
• Except O.venolosum all the species causes
nodules.
• O.columbianum – Sheep – Repeated infection
with L 3 - pimply gut / knotty guts.
• Persistant diarrhoea with dark green faeces –
clin sign.
 G: Syngamus
Sp: S.trachea
• L: trachea, H: T, F, pheasant
• CN: gape worm/ forked worm
• Most severe in young birds.
• Gaping.

• Mammomonogamus nasicola- copula

 G: Stephanurus
Sp: S.dentataus
• Kidney worm of swine
• Kidney, ureter, peri renal fat- Pig
• On BC – external cuticular thickenings –
epaulettes.
Fam: Trichostrongylidae
G: Trichostrongylus

• Sp: T.axei (black scour worm)– abomasum of

ruminants, stomach of H, donkeys, pigs
• T.colubriformis (bankrupt worm)- Abo & S.I of
rumin.
• Excretory pore is situated in ventral notch in
the oeso region.
• Spicules are pigmented ( brown).
• Ring worm like lesions- heavy infn
• Diarrhoea- semisolid initially, later watery&
dark in color
• Soiled hind quarter
 G: Osterstagia
• Sp: O.osterstagi – C,
• O.circumcinta, trifurcata, pinnata- S&G

• Moracco leather appearance

 G: Haemonchus,
• Sp: H.contortus- abomasal worm of S,G,C
• Sp: H.placei – abomasal worm of cattle
• H.longistipes – camel
• H.contortus- stomach worm, wire worm,
barber’s pole worm
• Adults & L 4 voracious blood suckers
• 0.05 ml / d
• Cli signs – cardinal sign pale skin & mucus
membrane

1) Hyperacute haemonchosis - > 20,000 worms

un common- sudden massive infection.
2) Acute haemonchosis – 2,000-20,000 worms
young ones- heavy infection
3) Chronic Haemonchosis – 100 -2,000 worms
very common- 100 % morbidity, low mortality
Famacha scoring

• Uses a scale of 1-5 to score anemia based on color of

third eyelid
– 1= optimal
– 5= severely anemic
• Each animal is checked and
scored with records kept
of the scores
 Self cure phenomenon
• Stolls – 1928, stewart – 1950 proved.
• Immunological phenomenon.
• Soon after heavy rain- more number of larvae
mature to infective stage on pasture.
• Sensitized sheep when feed on this pasture
SCP is seen.
• Immediate type of hypersensitivity to antigens
derived from developing larvae.
 G: Mecistocirrus
Sp: M.digitatus
• L: Abomasum H: Ruminants
• III r to H.contortus – But 30 longitudinal ridges
• Vulval flap is absent.
 G: Cooperia, H: Ruminants, L: S.I
• Sp: C.oncophora, punctata,pectinata – C
• C.surnabada – C & S
• C.curticei – S & G
( watch spring like posture)
14-16 longitudinal ridges
which are trasnversly striated
 G: Paracooperia
• Sp: P.nodulosa
• H: Buffaloe L: S.I
• In young buffaloes nodules in S.I
• Nodular enteritis.
 G: Nematodirus
• Sp: N.battus – Sheep, N.fellicollis – S&G
• N.spathigera – S&G, C, N.helvitianus- cattle
• 2 cm, interwining thin worms- cotton wool
appearance.
L: S.I

• L/C – parasitic phase is unique

• N.battus – need spell cold weather then onset
of hot weather for hatching.
F: Dictyocaulidae, G: Dictyocaulus
• Sp: D.viviparus – C& deer
• D.filaria – S&G,
• D.arnfieldi – donkeys & H.
• L : trachea, bronchi
• Lung worms,
• Boot / socks shaped spicule
• Husk / Hoose/ parasistic catarrhal bronchitis
– D.viviparus in small bronchioles -
characteristic spasmodic coughing.
• Control
• Dictol – D.viviparus

• Difil – D.filaria.
F: Ancylostomatidae
G: Ancylostoma
• Hookworms
• A.caninum – dogs, fox
• A.braziliense – dog & cat
• A.tubaeforme – cat
• A.duodenale – man & wild carnivores
(old world hookworms)
L/C – direct
MOI –skin penetration, oral, transmammary
• Anaemia – principal consequence
• 0.1 ml/d
• Anti coagulants are found in the secretion of the
worms.
• Dark tarry red coloured faeces
(Melena)

• G: Uncinaria
Sp: U.stenocephala
• H: D, Cat, fox L : L.I
• CN : Northern hookworm
CLM/ Creeping eruption/ Dermal larva
migrans/ ground itch/ plumber’s itch
• Linear, tortuous, erythematous & intensly
prurutic eruption of the human skin.
• A.braziliense – most common cause
• A.caninum, U.stenocephala, N.americana,
B.phlebotomum.
G: Bunostomum
Sp: B.trigonocephalum
• L: S.I, H: S & G
• Hook worm of S & G
• A large dorsal cone projects into the BC
• B.phlebotomum
• L: S.I, H; C & B
• Small dorsal cone, longer male spicules
• Pathogenic
• Stabled cattle – itching of legs – stamp their feet.
 G: Necator
Sp: N.americanus
• New world hookworm

• G: Gaigeria
• Sp: G.pachyscelis, L: Duodenum
• Hookworm of S & G.
 G: Oxyuris
Sp: O.equi
• L : L.I & rectum, H: equine
• CN: pin worm of horses or false whip worm
• Oeso – hour glass shaped
• Single pin shaped spicule.
• Anal pruritis – female during egg laying causes
irritation.
• Animal rubs its back to hard objects - Rat tailed
appearance

• Diagnosis – cellophane tape method – exmn of

presence eggs in perineal region.
 G: Enterobius
Sp: E.vermicularis
• Human pin worm or
seat worm of man
( hour glass oesophagus)

• Skrjabinema ovis & S.caprae

• Pin worm in caecum & colon of S & G
F: Protostrongylidae
G: Protostrongylus rufescens
• L; Small bronchioles, H : S,G,Deer
• CN : red lung worms
• Spicules are broad ( Comb like)
• Lobular Pneumonia – since they are present in
the Small bronchioles.
• Dx – L1 in faeces
 G: Mullerius Sp: M.capillaris
• L: Lung parenchyma, H:S&G
• CN: hair lung worm of S & G, Nodular lung
worm
• I/H – Snails & Slugs
• Nodules on lung surface(lead shot)
G: Metastrongylus
Sp: M.elongatus
• L ; bronchi H:pig
• CN: lung worm of pig
• I/H – earth worm
• Spicules- end in hook like
structure
O: Spirurida, F : Thelazidae
G: Thelazia, Sp: T .rhodesii
• M- G type of Oeso
• CN: Eye worm of cattle or Extra ocular worm
• L: Lacrimal sac & tear duct H: C, B, S, & G
• Prominent transverse striations on the body
• T.Skjrabini – C & horses ( Common in India)
• T. leesi – camel
• T.lacrymalis – H, C
• T.callipaeda – Dog (Nictitating membrane)
• L/C – I/H – house flies ( M.autumnalis)
• Cli Signs – Lacrimation, conjuctivitis, flies
around eyes
 G: Oxyspirura
Sp: O.mansoni
• L : Conjuctiva H : Chicken, Turkey
• CN: Eye worm of poultry
• I/H – earthworm
• Smooth cuticle
 G: Spirocerca
Sp: S.lupi
• H : Dog, L : walls of Oeso, stomach, aorta
• CN : Oesophageal tumour worm of dog
• Blood red in colour, spirally coiled
• I/H – caprophagous beetle, Paratenic host –
Lizard & Chicken
• Scars on the internal walls of aorta
• Oesophageal sarcoma
 G: Gongylonema, Sp: G.pulchrum
• Cuticle have cuticular thickenings irregularly
arranged in longitudinal rows.
• CN: Gullet worm of cattle
• L: mucosa & sub mucosa of
Oeso
• H: c, B, S, G ,Pig, Horses
• In oeso mucosa worms
lie in Zigzag fashion
– tailors stitches
 G: Habronema
Sp: H.muscae, H.majus / microstoma
• CN: stomach worm of equines
• L: Stomach, Host – equines
• G: Draschia Sp: D.megastoma
• I/H – M.domestica-
H.muscae & D.megastoma
• S.calcitrans
– H.majus
 Summer sore/ Draschiosis/ granular
dermatitis/cutaneous dermatitis/ Bursati/
swamp cancer/ esponja

• Skin disease of Horses

• D.megastoma – most common & habronema
sps.
 G: Tetrameres
• Sp: T.americanus – globular stomach worm of
poultry.
• T,mohtedai – India L: proventriculus
• Marked sexual dimorphism
• I/H – cockroach, gross hoppers
 G: Parafilaria, Sp: P.bovicola
• H: C & B, L: S/C & inter muscular tissue
• Cuticle – transversely striated & ant end with
papilliform thickening
• I/H – Muscid flies
• When gravid females – puncture skin to lay
eggs- bleeding points – matting of hair- flies –
summer bleeding / haemorrhagic dermatitis
 P.multipapillosa
• H: Horse I/H – haematobia
• It causes more nodular lesions than P.bovicola
 G: Dirofilaria, Sp: D.immitis
• L: CVS, right ventricle, pul @ H: dog, cat Hb
• CN: canine heart worm
• I/H – Mosquitoes
(Cu, Ae, Ana)
• Heavy infn – mechanical obstruction
• Pul cir disturbances
• Compensatory hypertrophy
• Congestive heart failure
• Dx – Modified knott’s method

• Loa loa – calabar swelling – chrysops flies

G: Seteria Sp: S.digitata
• H: C & B, L: peritoneal
cavity & Urinary bladder
S.Equina – peritoneal cavity- horse
Sheathed microfilaria
I/H – Mosquitoes
Enzootic cerebrospinal nematodiasis / kumri
(horses)/ lumbar paralysis ( S&G)
Erratic migration of immature stage of S.digitata
in unnatural hosts like H, S,G esp X CNS
 G; Stephanofilaria ,

• Sp: S.assamensis – H: cattle

Skin of hump region – Hump sore/
Chronic dermatitis/ verminous dermatitis / Cascado

Sp: S.zaheeri – skin of ear – Buffaloes- ear sore

I/H – Musca flies

G: Onchocerca
• Bovine Sp: O.gutturosa – LN & GS ligament –
I/H – Simulium.
• O.gibsoni – S/C & inter muscular nodules – I/H
–Culicoides
• O.armillata – wall of thoracic aorta
• O.dukei – S/C & muscle nodules
• O.ochengi & O.sweetae – Intradermal tissue
• Equine Sp
• O.cervicalis – LN – I/H Culicoides
• It causes painless swelling, lump swelling &
calcification, open purulent lesions – fistulous
withers

• O.vulvulus in man – River blindness – I/H –

Simulium / Black flies.
 G: Dracunculus
Sp: D.medinensis
• CN; Guinea worm, Medina worm, serpent
worm, dragon worm
• L: S/C tissue, H : Hb, D, H, C & S
• Male – 12-29 mm, female – 100-400 cm
• I/H – cyclops.
 G: Dictophyma, Sp:D.renale
• L : kidney parenchyma H; Dog, fox, mink
• CN: Giant kidney worm
• Largest nematode of domestic animals
• Female – 103 cm.
 G: Trichuris
• T.ovis – S&G, T.vulpis – dog, T.suis – pigs,
T.globulosa- Cattle, T.serrata – cats
• L : L.I esp Caecum
• CN : whip worms
• Profuse diarrhoea
with frank blood
•
G: Trichinella
Sp: T.spiralis CN : garbage worm/ trichina worm
• H : pig, man, rat, dog, cat
• L : adults – S.I
larvae – striated muscles
with larvae
Dx – trichinoscopy , muscle digestion with acid /
pepsin.
 Phyllum - Acanthocephala
• Thorny headed worms
• G: Macracanthorynchus
• Sp: M.hirudinaceus
• H : Pig, L : S.I
• I/H – Dung beetle
• Egg contain larvae c/d Acanthor.
• Within I/H – cystocanth
• Pig will get infection by eating I/H
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&
All The Best