Community Dynamics

KELOMPOK 5
DYAH AYU WIDYA PANGESTIKA
KASIH ANGGRAENI
WAHYU NUGROHO
19.1 Community structure changes through time
19.2 Primary succession occurs on newly exposed substrates
19.3 Secondary succession occurs after disturbances
19.1 Community structure changes through
time
30 years in a western Pennsylvania field.

Cropland or Grazed grassland  grasses, goldenrod,

weedy herbaceous plants  shrubs (blackberry,
hawthorn) fire cherry, pine, aspen  forest of
maple, oak, cherry or pine.
 Succession
Definition : The process of gradual and seemingly directional change
in community structure through time from field to forest. Succession is the
temporal change in community structure.

Sere (from the word series): sequence of communities from grass to shrub to forest
historically
Seral stage: a point of continuum of vegetation through time
can be short or long (1 or 2 yrs to several decades)

Succession happens in both terrestrial

and aquatic environments
Menurut Clements (1974), dalam mekanisme suksesi dikenal adanya enam
sub-komponen, yaitu :
• nudasi : terbukanya lahan, bersih dari vegetasi
• migrasi : tersebarnya biji
• eksesis : proses perkecambahan, pertumbuhan dan reproduksi
• kompetisi : adanya pergantian spesies
• reaksi : perubahan habitat karena aktivitas spesies
• final stabilisasi, klimaks : komunitas stabil
Did you know that where we standing used to
be a pond?
• Aquatic Environment
 William Sousa
Process of succession in a rocky
intertidal algal community in
southern California

Use concrete blocks for algae to

colonize
(b) shows succession
Early successional species
(pioneer species):
High growth rate, small size, high
degree of dispersal, high rates of
population growth
Late successional species:
Low rate of dispersal, slower
growth rate, larger and live
longer.

Species dominance change along time

• Terrestrial environtment
 Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest,
New Hampshire
Process of succession after forest
clearing

Prior to clearing, beech and sugar maple

seedling dominate understory
Following clearing, pin cherry, yellow
birch etc.; will be replaced by of beech
and maple later

Primary succession (example before)

and
secondary succession (this example)

Species dominance change along time

 19.2 Primary succession occurs on newly
exposed substrates

Primary succession begins on sites that never have supported a community,

such as rock outcrops and cliffs, sand dunes, and newly exposed glacial till.
(on a surface with no preexisting communities present)

Primary
succession on
a coastal sand
dune colonized
by beach grass
Later on,
shrub, then
trees (pines
and oak)
• bongkahan batu  Pelapukan batu-batuan  Bahan mineral dan bahan
organik semakin tebal  tumbuhan herba dan tahunan.
• Organisme pioneer mempunyai toleransi besar terhadap berbagai faktor
lingkung-an yang ekstrim.
Glacier Bay fjord complex in southeastern Alaska. Ice retreats, primary succession
occurs
19.3 Secondary succession occurs after
disturbances
Succession that begins after a disturbance that has left some of the previous
community intact

Terrestrial environment:
Old field succession in the Piedmont region of North Carolina by Dwight Billings
in the late 1930s
Abandoned farmland

Decline in pine and increase in

hardwood (oak and hickory)
• Pada suksesi sekunder terjadinya
gangguan yang tidak merusak total
komunitas dan tempat hidup organisme
sehingga substrat lama.

• Masih ada komunitas awal yang tersisa.

Maka pada substrat tersebut terjadi
perkembangan komunitas yang
selanjutnya disebut suksesi sekunder.

• Proses suksesi sekunder ini

membutuhkan waktu sampai puluhan
tahun.

• Pada suksesi sekunder benih ataupun

biji-biji bukan berasal dari luar tetapi dari
dalam habitat itu sendiri.
• Faktor penyebab terjadinya suksesi antara lain sebagai berikut:
1. Iklim
2. Topografi
a. Kondisi tanah
b. Erosi
c. Pengendapan (denudasi)
3. Biotik

• Kerusakan vegetasi menyebabkan suksesi berulang kembali di tempat tersebut.

Rich History of succession study
Friderick Clements (1916, 1936)

Monoclimax hypothesis

F. Egler (1954)

Initial floristic composition

Joseph Connell (1977):

Facilitation model, inhibition
model, and tolerance model
• Monoclimax Hypothesis, view community as a highly integrated superorganism,
the process of succession represents gradual and progressive development of
community to ultimate or climax stage (similar as development of an individual
organism)
• Initial Floristic Composition, succession at any site depends on which species
gets there first. No species is competitively superior to another. Once the original
dies, the site becomes available to others.
• The facilitation model states that early successional species modify the
environment so that it becomes more suitable for later successional species to
invade and grow to maturity
• The inhibition model involves strong competitive interactions. No one species is
completely superior to another. The first species to arrive hold the site against all
invaders. They make the site less suitable for both early and late successional
species. As long as they live and reproduce, the first species maintain their
position.
• The tolerance model holds that later successional species are neither inhibited
nor aided by species of earlier stages. Later-stage species can invade a newly
exposed site
Succession is associated with autogenic
changes in environmental conditions

Autogenic (direct result of organisms within community)

• Light in a forest

Allogenic (a feature of physical environment)

• Elevation on a mountain
• Stress in a salt marsh
Example of succession
• 1st
• Shade intolerant species
• Eventually dominate only in
canopy
• 2nd
• Shade tolerant species invade
• Shade intolerant die out due to
no seedlings
• Shade tolerant take over
18.7 Succesion involves heterotrophic species
• Tidak hanya komponen
komunitas autotrof yang
menunjukkan suksesi,
perubahan komponen
komunitas heterotrof juga
terjadi
• Dekomposisi
Pohon tumbang > bark
beetle > fungi > bakteria >
serangga predator (
centipedes, mites, dll) >
fungi > lumut dan liken >
benih- benih tumbuhan
• Salah satu karakteristik suksesi ini yaitu dengan bermunculannya
fungi- fungi dan invertebrata yang memakan jasad organik.
• Ketersediaan pasokan nutrisi sangat penting bagi tahap awal suksesi
• Perubahan pada struktur dan komposisi vegetasi menghasilkan
perubahan pada kehidupan hewan yang bergantung pada vegetasi
sebagai habitat.
Figure 19.16 Changes in the composition of animal species inhabiting various stages of
plant succession, from old-field to conifer forest, in central New York. Species appear or
disappear as vegetation density and height change. Brown lines represent the range of
vegetation (stages) inhabited by the associated species.
19.8 Systematic Changes in Community Structure
Are a Result of Allogenic Environmental Change
at a Variety of Timescales
• Sejauh ini fokus dari suksesi yaitu pada pembagian jenis dari
struktur komunitas yang merupakan respon perubahan autogenis
pada kondisi lingkungan
• However, purely abiotic environmental (allogenic) change can
produce patterns of succession over timescales ranging from days
to millennia or longer.
• Environmental fluctuations yang terjadi berulang selama lifetime
organisme tidak serta merta meghasilkan pattern suksesi among
species with that general life span.
• Suatu kondisi lingkungan yang terjadi pada periode selama atau
lebih lama dari life span organisme menghasilkan terbaginya
suksesi pada spesies.
 Community Structure Changes
over Geologic Time

• Since 4.6 billion years ago, Earth has changed profoundly.

• Many species of plants and animals evolved, disappeared,
and were replaced by others.
• conditions changed, so did the distribution and abundance of
plant and animal species.
• The study of the distribution and abundance of ancient
organisms and their relationship to the environment is
paleoecology.
The Concept of Community
Revisited
• Two views of community: organismal view and
individualistic view (continuum)
• Organismal community is a spacial concept: variety of
plant and animal species interacting and influencing the
overall structure
• The continuum view is a population concept, focusing
on the response of the component species to the
underlying features of the environment.