Government Engg.

College
Valsad

process calculation
project work
 Assignment
Topic : Material Balance without Chemical
Reaction

Submitted to :
Prof. Girish vegad (chemical dept.) &
Prof. R. V. Prajapati
Submitted by :
Name enrollment no.
1. Kartik Dhodi (130190105014)
2. Rahul Dhodi (130190105016)
3. Dular Dangera (130190105018)
 Materials balance without
Chemical Reaction

Block Diagram:
A Block Diagram is a simplified from of a process
flow sheet. Such a diagram is useful in estimating feed
and product streams along with required utilities. A block
diagram is useful at an early stage of the process
development.
 Figure is a block diagram of a batch
extraction of nutraceutical ingredient from
deodorizer distilled (DO), derived from soybean
oil. DO is first esterified with exeaa methanol in
presence of sulphuric acid as a catalyt. Excess
methanol is then distilled out under vacum from
the esterified mass. In the subsequent process
step, the esterified mass is neutralised and
washed with hot water. Decanted esterified mass
is dried under vacum and sent ton a crystallizer.
 Hydrocarbon solvent is added to seprate out
setrol at low temperature. After a specified time,
mass from the crystallizer is centrifuged and wet
cake is sent to a dryer where the solvent is
recovered under vacuum. Dried sterol is sent for
packing. Mother liquor from the crystallizer is
sent to a distillation unit. The solvent is
recovered by batch distillation of the mother
liqour. Concentrated DO is concentrated mass of
mixed tocopherols.
 Figure 2 is the water balance for the same
batch extraction plant which is yet another block
diagram of a utility in a process plant.
 PROCESS FLOW SHEET
Development of a process flow sheet starts on
approval of a project based on the overall information
draw from a block diagram.
A process flow sheet is one in which all incoming
and outgoing materials and utilies are shown. It should
be clearly understood that such a diagram is different
from the piping and instrumentation diagram. The
latter diagram is not intended to give specify the flow
sequence, all relevant instrumentation and controls,
pipes and fitting, material specifications of pipes and
any other specific information for carrying out detailed
engineering design.
 On the other hand, a process flow sheet includes

(1) Flow rate or quantity of each stream; composition

of the steams are also recommend
(2) Operating condition of each stream, such as
pressure and temperature
(3) Heat added/removed in a particular equipment
(4) Flow rates of utilities such as steam, cooling water,
brine, etc.
(5) Any specific information which is useful in
understanding the process
 from the above discussion, it is clear that the
process flow diagram is a very useful diagram in
chemical process industry.

figure 3 gives the process details of a

softening process using ion-exchange technology.
This is a cyclic process in which the service cycle
and regeneration cycle are repeated alternatively.
It may be noted that tabular data on regeneration
steps help in understanding the process. Since
this is nearly an isothermal process, temperature
are not indicated on the diagram.
 MATERIAL BALANCES

It is proposed to cover the process involving

no chemical reaction in this chapter.
From the law of conservation of mass
outlined in the introduction, it follows that for
any process,

Input-accumulation = output or
disappearance
 This equation should be clearly understood.
In any flow or batch process, a definite mass
of material is charged into the equipment.
When the accumulation of the materials
constant or nil,
Input = Output
This is usually the case with steady process.
 Material Balance Without Chemical
Reaction

There are three general methods of solving

material balance problems for systems
involving no chemical reactions.

(1) Make the balance of a tie materials, the

quantity of which dose not change during the
particular operation.
(2) Very often, one or several inert chemical species
which do not take part in the operation are
involved in the system. By making balance of this
inert species, the material balance calculation can
be simplified.

(3) When two or more compounds are present in

the system and if all the compound are affected
simultaneously, it is required that the material
balance equation be solved by satisfying
simultaneous equations.
 Degrees of Freedom
• Draw and label flow chart
• Count the unknown variables on the flow chart,
nunknowns
• Count the independent equations relating them,
nindep eqns
• ndf = nunknowns - nindep eqns
– If ndf = 0, the problem is solvable
– If ndf>0, the problem is underspecified, need to
provide more information/equations.
– If ndf˂0, the problem is overspecified, more
equations than unknowns, redundant and
possibly inconsistent information.
Thank you