7. Two factories in the same town hire workers with the same skills.

Union
agreements require factory A to pay its workers $10 per hour, while factory B
must pay $6 per hour. Each factory hires the profit maximizing number of
workers. Is the allocation of labor between these two factory efficient? Explain
why or why not.

JAWABAN
8. A monopolist, selling in two separate markets (market 1 and market 2),
faces the following D functions: QD1 = 24 – 2P and QD2 = 16 – P. The
monopolist operates a single plant with LTC as in table 1.

Q 10 11 12 13 14 15
LTC ($) 82,5 88 94,5 104 119 142,5

a. Find the LMC and the LAC schedules for this monopolist!
b. On the same set of axes, plot D1, MR1, D2, MR2, ∑MR, LMC, and LAC!
c. Find the best level of output for the monopolist. How much of this
output should the monopolist sell in market 1 and in market 2?
d. At what price should the monopolist sell in each market?
e. How much profit will the monopolist make in market 1, in market 2, and
in total?
 Jawaban

a.
Q LTC ($) LMC ($) LAC ($)
10 82,50 - 8,25
11 88,00 5,50 8,00
12 94,50 6,50 7,875
13 104,00 9,50 8,00
14 119,00 15,00 8,50
15 142,50 23,50 9,50
 Jawaban
b. QD1 = 24 – 2P; QD2 = 16 – P
QD1 =0 QD2 =0
0 = 24 – 2P 0 = 16 – P
2P = 24 P = 16
P = 12
QD1 QD2 P1 P2 TR1 TR2 MR1 MR2 ∑MR
24 16 0 0 0 0 - - 24
22 15 1 1 22 15 22 15 22
20 14 2 2 40 28 18 13 18
18 13 3 3 54 39 14 11 15
16 12 4 4 64 48 10 9 14
14 11 5 5 70 55 6 7 13
12 10 6 6 72 60 2 5 11
10 9 7 7 70 63 -2 3 10
8 8 8 8 64 64 -6 1 9
6 7 9 9 54 63 -10 -1 7
4 6 10 10 40 60 -14 -3 6
2 5 11 11 22 55 -18 -5 5
0 4 12 12 0 48 -22 -7 3
 Jawaban

30

20

10
LMC ($)
LAC ($)
QD1
0 QD2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
MR1
MR2
∑MR
-10

-20

-30
 Jawaban
c. The best monopolist output is occurs when the LMC curve intersect with ∑MR curve. In the figure before, the
intersect is occurs in total 11 unit with price = $6. The best way to distribute this total output between the
two markets is occurs when LMC = ∑MR = MR1 = MR2 = $6. Thus the monopolist should sell 5 units in market
1 and 6 units in market 2.

d. From the figure, the P1* = $14 per unit and P2* = $10 per unit

e. Total LAC = $8
# Market 1
Profit1/unit = P1* - LAC
= $14 - $8
= $6
Total Profit1 = Profit1/unit x total unit
= $6 x 5
= $30
# Market 2
Profit1/unit = P1* - LAC
= $10 - $8
= $2
Total Profit1 = Profit1/unit x total unit
= $2 x 6
= $12
Total Profit = $30 + $12 = $42
 DASAR TEORI

• LMC = ∆ LTC
• LAC = LTC/Q
• TR = QD X P
• MR = ∆ TR
• PROFIT/UNIT = P* - LAC
• TOTAL PROFIT= PROFIT/UNIT X TOTAL UNIT
9. The following table represents the market share percentage for each firm
in a hypothetical industry.

Firm A B C D E F G
Market Share (%) 12 8 20 25 4 25 6

a. Calculate the four-firm concentration ratio for this industry!

b. Calculate the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) for this industry!
c. Would the Justice Department consider this industry as unconcentrated,
moderately concentrated, or concentrated? Why?
d. Suppose firms E and G wanted to merge. What would be the value of the HHI
following this merger? Would the Justice Department most likely challenge this
merger? Why or why not?
 Jawaban
a. Four – firm concentration:
Firm F : 25%
Firm D : 25%
Firm C : 20%
Firm A : 12%
Total : 82%

b. Herfindahl – Hirschman Index:

122 + 82 + 202 + 252 + 42 + 252 + 62 = 1.910

c. HHI is more than 1.800  concentrated

d. Merger market share (E + G )= 4% + 6% = 10%

Merger value = 102 – ( 42 + 62 )
= 100 – (16 +36)
= 48
Merger is not challenged, because the merger value is less than 50
 Dasar Teori

• Herfindahl – Hirschman Index

nilai HHI diperoleh dari jumlah kuadrat dari
pangsa seluruh pelaku usaha di pasar yang
bersangkutan.
• Kurang dari 1000 = competitive marketplace
• 1000-1800 = moderately concentrated
marketplace
• Lebih dari 1800 = highly concentrated
marketplace
10. A recession occurred in U.S economy during the first three quarters of 2001. National output
of goods and services fell during this period. But during the fourth quarter of 2001, output
began to increase and its increased at a slow rate through the first quarter of 2003. at the
same time, between march 2001 and april 2003, employment declined almost continously
with loss over 2 millions jobs. How it is possible that output rises while at the same time
employment is falling?

JAWABAN

karena resesi menyebabkan menurunnya aktivitas ekonomi dipasar seperti lapangan

pekerjaan, keuntungan perusahaan dan investasi. Resesi ekonomi yang berkepanjangan
menyebabkan terjadinya depresi ekonomi karena semakin merosotny aktivitas ekonomi yang
ada. Pada kasus ini, resesi menyebaabkan terjadinya deflasi, dimana daya beli konsumen atau
permintaan masyarakat semakin menurun namun barang banyak beredar di pasar. Jumlah
uang yang beredar di pasarpun sedikit sehingga pendapatan perusahaan merosot. Hal
tersebut menyebabkan perusahaan tidak memiliki kemampuan untuk merekrut ataupun
membayar karyawan sehingga banyak pekerja yang harus di PHK. Jadi, peningkatan output
tetap semakin meningkat karena perusahaan tetap harus melakukan produksi. Namun disisi
lain konsumen tidak memiliki daya beli untuk membeli produk-produk yang beredar, sehingga
produsen tidak dapat meraih keuntungan dari barang yang diproduksi, dan menyebabkan
menurunnya lapangan pekerjaan.
 Dasar Teori

Resesi Resesi atau kemerosotan adalah kondisi

ketika produk domestik bruto (GDP) menurun atau
ketika pertumbuhan ekonomi riil bernilai negatif
selama dua kuartal atau lebih dalam satu tahun.
Resesi dapat mengakibatkan penurunan pada
seluruh aktivitas ekonomi seperti lapangan
pekerjaan, investasi, dan keuntungan perusahaan.
Resesi sering diasosiasikan dengan turunnya harga-
harga (deflasi) atau kebalikannya harga meningkat
tajam (inflasi) dalam proses yang dikenal sebagai
stagflasi.