EVOLUTION OF INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY

Session I 09:30 - 10:15

Dr Deepak B Phatak,
IIT Bombay
SESSION OVERVIEW
 Definition of IT
– Technology That Permits Us To
Capture, Validate, Store, Retrieve,
Analyse, Present, Disseminate, And
Archieve Information
 Growth Of Modern IT

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FIVE DECADES OF
COMPUTER EVOLUTION
 The Dark Ages
 The Early Electronic Era
 The Middle Ages
 Proliferation of the IT Culture
 The Current Scenario
 What does the Future hold

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PRE-HISTORIC COMPUTERS
 Mechanical Computers
 Electro-Mechanical Machines
 The Early Electronic Era

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MECHANICAL COMPUTERS
 Wilhelm Schickhard 1623
 Blaise Pascal 1642
 Gottfried Liebniz 1671
 Charles Babbage
– Difference Engine 1823
– Analytical Engine 1834
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Mechanical/Electro-mechanical
 Arithmometre, Charles Thoma 1820
 Comptometer, D.E. Felt 1885
 Puched-Card Tabulating Machine
– Hervnan Hollerith (Census Data) 1890
– Comparing Tabulating Recording
Company 1911
– Renamed IBM 1924.
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Mechanical/Electro-mechanical
 Mechanical Computer Z1
– by Konrad Zuse 1938
 Design of General Purpose Computer
– Howard Aiken 1937
 Harvard Mark I 1939 - 1944

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ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS
 Information Transmission at Speed of
Light (3,00,000 km/s)
 Triode Vacuum Tube
– Lee De Forest 1906
 Attempts by Atanasoft in Late 1930’s

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ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS
 ENIAC built
– John W. Mauchly & J. Presper Eckert
 30 tons, over 18,000 Vacuum Tubes
 Calculation of Ballistics tables
 3 ms for one addition

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• STORED PROGRAM
ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS
 John Von Neumann (1903 - 1957)
– Consultant to ENIAC Project
– Proposed EDVAC 1945
 EDVAC completed in 1951

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• STORED PROGRAM
ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS
 Manchester MARK I
– Williams & Kilburn 1946
 First stored Program
– 21 June 1948 (GC tootill’s diary)
– 3.5 million operations to calculate
highest factor of an integer.
– 1,30,000 numbers tested, 52 Min.
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1945 - 1955
 Software in Machine Language
 Assembly Languages Evolve
 Work Begins on Higher Level
Languages.

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1956 - 1965
 FORTRAN Invented in 1956
 COBOL Defined & Released in 1960
 Algol Developed in Europe
 3GL Programming Becomes The
Backbone of Application Software
 Operating Systems Begin Maturing

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• 1956 - 1965 (Contd.)
 Hardware “Generations” evolve
 Transistors Deployed in Second
Generation Machines
 Early Integrated Circuits Mark Third
Generation beginning.

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• 1966 - 1975
 VLSI, 4th Generation Hardware
 Birth of the Microprocessor
– Intel 1972
 Main-Frame Centric Computing
Becomes Main Stay
 Direct Access Storage Devices.

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• 1966 - 1975 (Contd.)
 Software Crisis Recognized
 S/W Maintenance Receives Attention
 CODASYL Defines First Data Base
Management System

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• 1966 - 1975
 Codd’s work on RDBMS released
– IBM System R
 Early work on UNIX and C

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• 1976 - 1985
 RDBMS gains Acceptance
 UNIX Replaces proprietary O.S.
 Software Engineering Methodologies
– Mature and get adopted
– Emergence of Standards

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1976 - 1985 (Contd.)
 Electronics Goes Sub Micron
 Processor Does One Million
Instructions Per Second (MIPS)
 Winchester Technology for Disks
 Semiconductor Memory Used

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1986 - 1995
 Microsoft emerges as the main PC
Software Company
 Client - Server Computing matures
 Object Technologies Gain acceptance
 RDBMS products standardization,
SQL, SQL-2, Draft SQL3
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1986 - 1995 (Contd.)
 DSS, Data Warehousing Defined
 On Line Analytical Processing
– Notions of Data Mining Emerge
 Rapid Growth of Internet
 World Wide Web (WWW)
 Intranets for Corporate Computing

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1986 - 1995 (Contd.)
 Transaction Processing better
understood.
 Evoluation of SMP and MPP
architectures
 Digital announces one BIPS
processor
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1986 - 1995 (Contd.)
 Serious work begins on Embedded
Systems
 LAN’s and WAN’s Gain Momentum
 Network Computer Emerges

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CURRENT SCENARIO
 Broad spectrum of Resources
 Very Large (24 x 7) OLTP Servers
 Distributed Computing is the Norm
 Embedded Systems are Evolving
– Smart Cards
– Intelligent Appliances
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CURRENT SCENARIO
 Massive Data Warehouses
 Packaged Software Gains Currency
– Make V/s Buy Decision
 Media Independent Data Formats
 Flexible Delivery Mechanisms

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THE EMERGING FUTURE
 Internet Outlets in all Buildings
 Information Bonanza
– Anywhere, Anytime, Any form
 Intelligent Appliances Everywhere
 Software Crisis will Deepen
 Change Management ??

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