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Evolution Of Man
Evolution of Man
• Homo Sapiens
• The species name, Homo Sapiens, means
“man who thinks”-an appropriate title for
the species that formulated the spoken
language and developed more
sophisticated tools. The most ancient find
was discovered in Hungary in 1965, dating
from about 450 000 to 400 000 years ago.
• Other remains of Homo Sapiens have been
found in England, Germany, and France.
These bones date from approximately 250
000 years ago, the period between the
third and fourth ice ages.
• There are two types of Homo Sapiens; the
Neanderthals, or Homo Neanderthalis,
and Modern Human, or Homo Sapiens
Sapiens
Continued …
• Neanderthals
• Located in Europe, Neanderthals first appeared
about 230 000 years ago and disappeared
approximately 30 000 years ago.
• Quarry workers in Dusseldorf first discovered the
remains of these people in the Neander Valley of
German in 1856. More finds have since been
located primarily in Belgium, France, and other parts
of Europe.
• They traveled as far as China and the Middle East.
Their total population at any one time probably
numbered fewer than 100 000.
• It is still unclear who the Neanderthals were,
scientists wonder whether they were our direct
ancestor or whether they were a separate species. It
is commonly held, however, that the Neanderthals
were driven to extinction by modern humans.
Continued …
• About 40 000 years ago, modern humans moved into Europe armed with the
skills to make clothing, better shelters, and more efficient hearths.
Nineteenth-century scientists named these newcomers Cro-Magnon people
after the French rock-shelter where three anatomically modern skeletons were
discovered in 1868.
• Cro-Magnons were Homo Sapiens who evolved in Africa and slowly pushed
their way into Europe. They developed the ability to endure colder climates,
even climates as cold as those found in Iceland or Greenland.
• Cro-Magnon people were about as tall as modern northwestern Europeans.
They also had many of the same facial and cranial features as modern
northwestern Europeans.
• Eventually, their successors moved into Asia. About 30 000 years ago, they
crossed the Bering Strait after the retreat of the ice and entered the Americas.
Others reached Australia.
• With this migration, our modern human ancestors spread throughout the
world.
Important Tribes of the World
• Aborigins or Bindibu : Australia
• Adivasis : A tribe in Bastar Distt. (Madhya Pradesh)
• Afridis : The tribals inhabiting the Pak-Afghan border area
• Afrikaner : The Dutch-born in South Africa
• Aleuts : Alaska
• Amerindian : Mongoloid racial stock distributed in various parts of
North, middle and South America
• Ainus : Japan
• Bantus : People of a black race of South Africa
• Bhils : Ancient Dravidians living in Central India & Rajasthan
• Bedouins : Nomads of Arabia and North Africa
• Berbers : People of a race of North West Africa
• Boers : Dutch settlers of South Africa
• Bushman : A group of Negroid racial stock known as Khuai or San,
confined mainly to the Kalahari desert
• Chukchi : NE Asia, USSR, North Siberia
• Dravidians : Very Ancient people (non-Aryans) living in South India
• Eskimos : Natives of Greenland and Arctic region
• Filipinos : Natives of Philippines Islands
Continued …
• Flemings : People of Belgium
• Fellah : Agricultural Laboures of Nile Valley in Egypt
• Fulani : Western Africa
• Garos : A tribe in Assam and Nagaland.
• Gonds : A tribe in Bihar
• Gobi Mongols : Gobi
• Guicas : Amazon forest area
• Hausa : North Nigeria
• Hotten tots : Hot tropical Africa
• Ibanas : Equatorial rain forest region of South-East Asia
• India Tribes : Amazon basin
• Khasis : A hill tribe of Meghalaya
• Kalmuk : Central Asia
• Kazakhs : Kazakhistan
• Kirghiz : Asiatic steppes
• Koryakas : N. Siberia, Eurassian
• Kiwis : People of New Zealand
• Lepchas : Tribals of Tibetan origin in Sikkim
• Lapps : N. Finland, Scandinavian country
Continued …
• Emigration is the act of leaving one's country or region with the intent to settle
permanently in another
• When the crude death rate is subtracted from the crude birth rate, the result is
the rate of natural increase (RNI). This is equal to the rate of population
change (excluding migration)
• The net reproduction rate (NRR) is the average number of daughters that
would be born to a female (or a group of females) if she passed through her
lifetime conforming to the age-specific fertility and mortality rates of a given
year. This rate is similar to the gross reproduction rate but takes into account
that some females will die before completing their childbearing years. An NRR
of one means that each generation of mothers is having exactly enough
daughters to replace themselves in the population. If the NRR is less than one,
the reproductive performance of the population is below replacement level
Population Growth
• The "population growth rate" is the rate at which the number of individuals in
a population increases in a given time period as a fraction of the initial
population. Specifically, population growth rate refers to the change in
population over a unit time period, often expressed as a percentage of the
number of individuals in the population at the beginning of that period.
• A positive growth ratio (or rate) indicates that the population is increasing,
while a negative growth ratio indicates the population is decreasing. A growth
ratio of zero indicates that there were the same number of people at the two
times—a growth rate may be zero even when there are significant changes in
the birth rates, death rates, immigration rates, and age distribution between
the two times.
• A related measure is the net reproduction rate. In the absence of migration, a
net reproduction rate of more than one indicates that the population of
women is increasing, while a net reproduction rate less than one indicates that
the population of women is decreasing
Malthusian Theory on Population Growth
• Thomas Robert Malthus was the first economist to
propose a systematic theory of population. His theory
was based on two principles:
– Human Population, unchecked grows at a geometric or exponentially
growth rate
– Food supply, at best, only increases at an arithmetic rate
Demographic Transition Theory:
• Stage One: In pre-industrial society, death rates and birth rates are high and
roughly in balance. All human populations are believed to have had this
balance until the late 18th century. Birth and death rates both tend to be very
high in this stage. Because both rates are approximately in balance, population
growth is typically very slow in stage one.
• Stage Two: that of a developing country, the death rates drop rapidly due to
improvements in food supply and sanitation, which increase life spans and
reduce disease. Without a corresponding fall in birth rates this produces an
imbalance, and the countries in this stage experience a large increase in
population.
• In stage three, birth rates fall due to access to contraception, increases in
wages, urbanization, a reduction in subsistence agriculture, an increase in the
status and education of women, a reduction in the value of children's work, an
increase in parental investment in the education of children and other social
changes. Population growth begins to level off.
Continued…
• During stage four there are both low birth rates and low death rates. Birth
rates may drop to well below replacement level as has happened in countries
like Germany, Italy, and Japan, leading to a shrinking population, a threat to
many industries that rely on population growth.
• As per census of 2011, India is in later half of third stage of demographic
transition with 1.21 billion population.
Population Structure
• This entry provides the distribution of the population according to age. It is
distributed on the basis of sex and age group (0-14 years, 15-64 years, 65 years
and over). The age structure of a population affects a nation's key
socioeconomic issues. Countries with young populations (high percentage
under age 15) need to invest more in schools, while countries with older
populations (high percentage ages 65 and over) need to invest more in the
health sector. The age structure can also be used to help predict potential
political issues. For example, the rapid growth of a young adult population
unable to find employment can lead to unrest.
Population Pyramid
Continued …