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Example: A liquid-liquid ternary phase diagram for isopropyl alcohol (IPA), toluene, and
water at 25oC is shown in the next figure. Feed flow rate is 100 kg/hr, and feed
compositions 40 weight percent IPA and 60 weight percent toluene. Fresh solvent
is pure water at a flow rate of 100 kg/hr. Determine the number of equilibrium
stages required to produce a raffinate stream that contains 3 weight percent IPA.
Solution:
In this system, water is the solvent and IPA is the solute that we wish to
extract from the toluene-IPA feed mixture.
The raffinate stream leaving the extractor will be mostly toluene.
Firstly, the points F and So are plotted, and a straight line is drawn
joining them.
Then the point M is determined as follows:
The composition of the solvent phase leaving the first stage is read off
the graph: 27.5 % IPA and 70 % water.
Two straight lines are drown to locate Δ point. The first line pass through
F and S1, the second through RN and S0. The intersection of the two lines
occurs at Δ.
An LLE tie line is then followed from S1 down to R1 on the solubility
curve. This line represent the first stage.
The composition of the raffinate phase leaving the first stage is 21 % IPA
and 2 % water.
F
S1
R1 1 .
M
S2
2 S0
RN = R
2
.
Δ
Liquid-Liquid Extraction
The intersection of this straight line with the straight line through the
points S0 and RN gives the minimum Δ (Δmin).
Δ can lie either to the left or to the right of the phase diagram.
The point S1min is found on straight line from the feed point to Δmin, and a
straight line is drown from it to the point RN which has been specified.
The point Mmin is then given by the intersection of this line with the
straight connecting the point F and S0.
S0min can then be calculated from equations (13), (14) using the known
compositions x1min and x3min of Mmin:
M F S0 (13)
(15)
(b) Composition of solute in the raffinate stream leaving the last stage
(x1RN).
(d) Economic ratio of actual to minimum solvent flow rates (S0/ S0min).
6. Locate the Δ point by drawing two lines, one through S0 and RN and one through
the other through S1 and F.
7. Step off stages, alternately using the LLE tie-lines and the A point, as follows:
S1 LLE
R1
S 2 LLE
R2
S3
...
Solution:
acetone is the solute to be separated from MIK using water as the solvent. Thus,
component 1 is acetone and component 3 is water.
The point RN is plotted on the solubility curve at x1RN = 2.5 weight percent acetone.
The point S0 is plotted at the right lower comer of the diagram, since x3So = 100
weight percent water. The point F is plotted on the vertical axis at z1 = 45 weight
percent acetone.
The LLE tie-line that passes through F is used to determine the points Δmin and
S1min.
The intersection of these lines is the point Mmin, giving a composition x1min = 24
weight percent acetone.
The minimum solvent flow rate is calculated from equation (15):
S min
●1
Mmin
x1min ●
●
●
RN
Thus, 97.6 percent of the acetone fed to the unit is captured by the solvent.
R1
1
X1=16.4
R2
R3
2 .
M
S1
S2
3
R4 S3
4
RN=R5
5
S5
S4
.
Δ
S0