ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACT ASSESSMENT
What? Why? How?
WHAT IS
EIA?
 DEFINITION
• An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is commonly described
as an assessment of the impact of planned activities on the
environment, including impacts on biodiversity, vegetation and
ecology, water, and air.

• An EIA can be seen as a process of identifying, predicting, and

evaluating the likely environmental, socioeconomic, cultural and
other impacts of a proposed project or development to define
mitigation actions—not only to reduce negative impacts but also
provide positive contributions to the natural environment and well-
being.
WHY CONDUCT
AN EIA?
Because of the complex relationship between the natural
and human environments, it is very important to try to
predict the environmental and social impacts of
programs, projects and planned developments that may
alter the quality of the environment and impact well-
being. As the human population continues to increase
and natural resources become more limited, the
importance of improving the sustainability of development
and identifying mitigation measures—and thus the
importance of creating high-quality EIAs—becomes
greater.
Purpose/ Aims/
Objectives
 THIS IS A SLIDE TITLE

◉
 “
It really boils down to this: that all life
is interrelated. We are all caught in
an inescapable network of mutuality,
tied into a single garment of destiny.
Whatever affects one destiny, affects
all indirectly.

-Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968)

TERMINOLOGIES
Environment
The totality of the natural and
human environments,
including both biophysical and
socio-economic aspects and
components
Impact
A project’s impacts consist of:
all changes that the project
causes to the environment; all
changes that the environment
causes to the project; and all
cumulative impacts to which
the project contributes
 IMPACT TYPES
CUMULATIVE
DIRECT INDIRECT -Single large event
Easier to inventory, More difficult to measure, -Multiple interelated
assess, and control; the but can be more events (road projects
cause-effect relationship important. Over time they within a region)
is usually obvious can affect larger -Catastrophic sudden
- geographical areas of events (major landslide
the environment than into a river system)
anticipated -Incremental,
widespread, slow change
(poorly designed
drainage system along a
road extending through a
watershed
WANT BIG IMPACT?
USE BIG IMAGE.
WHAT IS AN ACTIVITY
WHAT IS THE
OUTCOME OF
EIA?
• Ensure that environmental considerations are explicitly
addressed and incorporated into the development decision-
making process.

• Anticipate and avoid, minimize or offset the adverse

significant biophysical, social and other relevant effects of
development proposals.

• Protect the productivity and capacity of natural systems

and the ecological processes which maintain their functions.

• Promote development that is sustainable, optimizing

resource use and management opportunities.
 ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS OF EIA

◉ AIR
◉NOISE
◉WATER
◉BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
◉LAND
HOW?
EIA PROCESS
SCREENING
1
◉First stage of the EIA process which results in a key EIA
decision , namely to either conduct the assessment (based
on the likely significant impacts) or not conduct it (in the
anticipated absence of such impacts)
 KEY CONTIBUTIONS OF SCREENING IN GOOD EIA

◉ Facilitates informed decision making by providing clear,

well structured, factual analysis of the effects and
consequences of proposed actions
◉Influences both project selection and policy design by
screening out environmentally and/ or socially unsound
proposals, as well as modifying feasible action.
 1. HIGH IMPACT PROJECTS

◉Projects that are likely to have a significant serious

adverse environmental impacts and thus likely a full EIA is
required
■Dams and reservoirs forestry and production projects
■Industrial plants (large-scale)
■Irrigation, drainage, flood control (large scale)
■Mining and mineral development (including oil and gas)
■Port and harbor development
■Reclamation, resettlement and new land development
■Thermal and hydropower development; manufacture,
transportation, and use of pesticides; and other hazardous and/or
toxic materials
 2. For projects likely to have adverse environmental
impacts that are less significant than those of in the
previous category: These projects likely won’t have
irreversible impacts, and mitigation measures can be
designed more readily than for high-impact projects.
Normally, a limited EIA will be undertaken to identify
suitable mitigation and management measures, and
incorporate them into the project
◉ Agro-industries
• Electrical transmission; rural electrification
• Aquaculture, irrigation and drainage (small-scale)
• Renewable energy
• Tourism
• Rural water supply and sanitation
 3. For projects that are likely to have minimal or no
adverse environmental impacts: No EIA is required

◉These categories are often numbered 1, 2, and 3, or

indicated as A, B and C to distinguish between them.
 What are the approaches to screening?
Overall, we can distinguish two different types of screening (United Nations University
[UNU], UNEP, RMIT, 2007):

• Prescriptive or standardized approaches in which development proposals that either

require or are exempt from EIA are listed in legislation and regulations, and
proponents can often decide based on these standardized approaches; this could
include:
° Legal (or policy) definition of proposals to which EIA does or does not
apply.
° Inclusion list of projects (with or without thresholds) for which an EIA is
automatically required.
° Exclusion list of activities which do not require EIA because they are
insignificant or are exempt by law (e.g. national security or emergency
activities).
• Customized approaches in which proposals are screened
on an individual or case-by-case base, using indicative
guidance with categories.
The European Union suggests a set of questions to quickly assess project
proposals. These questions are designed so that a “Yes” answer will
generally point toward the need for EIA and a “No” answer to one not being
required (European Commission [EC], 2001

1.. Will there be a large change in environmental conditions?

2. Will new features be out-of-scale with the existing
environment?
3. Will the effect be unusual in the area or particularly
complex?
4. Will the effect extend over a large area?
5. Will there be any potential for transboundary impact?
6. Will many people be affected?
7. Will many receptors of other types (fauna and flora,
businesses, facilities) be affected?
8. Will valuable or scarce features or resources be affected?
9. Is there a risk that environmental standards will be
breached?
10. Is there a risk that protected sites, areas, and features
will be affected?
11. Is there a high probability of the effect occurring?
12. Will the effect continue for a long time?
13. Will the effect be permanent rather than temporary?
14. Will the impact be continuous rather than intermittent?
15. If it is intermittent will it be frequent rather than rare?
16. Will the impact be irreversible?
17. Will it be difficult to avoid, or reduce or repair or
compensate for the effect?
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