Petroleum & Natural Gas Engineering

Well Log Analysis

DASAR-DASAR REKAMAN SUMUR
Introduction
 Well Log Analysis  Reserve Estimation
 Gamma Ray  Sandstone
 Porosity  Shale
 Temperature
 Induction
 Well Logs Used

Preston Well Kanawha Well

-Gamma Ray Logs -Gamma Ray Logs

-Density Porosity Logs -Density Porosity Logs
-Neutron Porosity Logs -Neutron Porosity Logs
-Induction Logs -Temperature Log
-Sonic Gas Detector
-Bulk Density Log
 Preston
Formation
-Huntersville Chert
-Dirty Sandstone.
-Matrix Density of 2.65 g/cc

Depth
7052 ft – 7110 ft
7250 ft – 7300 ft
Preston Log
Offset Well
Reserve Formula &
Results G = 43560 *  * h * (1-Sw)
1000000 * Bg
where: G = estimated reserves, MMcf/Acre
2
43560 = conversion factor from ft to acre
 = porosity
h = formation thickness, ft
Sw = water saturation
3
Bg = gas formation volume factor, ft /scf

Chart CP-1a
Depth(ft) Offset depth(ft) Rt=RID, ohm-m % F RW, ohm-m SW G, MMcf/Acre
7086-7088 7834 75 4.6 382.798 0.053 0.520 0.410
7088-7090 7846 72 4.6 382.798 0.053 0.531 0.401
7090-7092 7848 71 3.85 546.467 0.053 0.639 0.258
7092-7094 7850 74 2.8 1033.163 0.053 0.860 0.073
7094-7096 7852 71 3 900.000 0.053 0.820 0.101
7096-7098 7854 69 3 900.000 0.053 0.831 0.094
7098-7100 7856 61 2.8 1033.163 0.053 0.947 0.027
7100-7102 7858 50 2.9 963.139 0.053 1.010 -0.006
7102-7104 7860 45 2.8 1033.163 0.053 1.103 -0.054
7104-7106 7862 47 2.9 963.139 0.053 1.042 -0.023
7106-7108 7864 49 4 506.250 0.053 0.740 0.193
7108-7110 7866 52 3.9 532.544 0.053 0.737 0.191
58 Total 3.879
 Kanawha
Formation Black Shale
-Rhinestreet
•Matrix Density of 2.69 g/cc
-Java
-Basal Lower Huron •Low Porosity and Permeability
•Natural Fractures
Depth
•Natural Gas in Absorbed State
4780 -5995 ft
•High Natural Radioactivity
Shale Formation
Kanawha Log
Lower Huron
Java
Rhinestreet
Reserve Formula &
Results
G = (Gas * h )/1000
where: G = estimated reserves, MMcf/Acre
Gas = gas content, Mcf/Acre-ft
h = thickness, ft

Top of Pay Bottom of Thickness Gas Content, Reserve

Zone, ft Pay Zone, psi of Zone, ft Mcf/Acre-ft Estimation, MMcf/Acre
4500 4514 14 50 0.70
4786 4800 14 50 0.70
4966 4976 10 50 0.50
5000 5020 20 50 1.00
5040 5066 26 50 1.30
5236 5246 10 50 0.50
5566 5572 6 50 0.30
5610 5622 12 50 0.60
5644 5658 14 50 0.70
5670 5700 30 50 1.50
5730 5750 20 50 1.00
176 Total 8.80
POROSITY DETERMINATION
FROM LOGS
OPENHOLE LOG
EVALUATION
Well Log
SP Resistivity
POROSITY DETERMINATION BY LOGGING

Increasing Increasing Increasing

radioactivity resistivity porosity

Shale

Oil sand

Shale

Gamma Resisitivity Porosity

ray
POROSITY LOG TYPES

3 Main Log Types

 Bulk density

 Sonic (acoustic)

 Compensated neutron
These logs do not measures porosity directly. To
accurately calculate porosity, the analyst must
know:
•Formation lithology
• Fluid in pores of sampled reservoir volume
DENSITY LOGS

 Uses radioactive source to generate

gamma rays
 Gamma ray collides with electrons in
formation, losing energy
 Detector measures intensity of back-
scattered gamma rays, which is related
to electron density of the formation
 Electron density is a measure of bulk
density
DENSITY LOGS

 Bulk density, b, is dependent upon:

 Lithology
 Porosity
 Density and saturation of fluids in pores
 Saturation is fraction of pore volume occupied
by a particular fluid (intensive)
DENSITY LOG
GR RHOB
0 API 200 2 G/C3 3
CALIX DRHO
6 IN 16 -0.25 G/C3 0.25
CALIY
6 IN 16

4100

Gamma ray Density

Density
correction

4200

Caliper
Mud cake
(mc + hmc)

Formation (b)

Long spacing
detector

Short spacing
detector
Source
 BULK DENSITY

b  ma 1     f 
Matrix Fluids in
flushed zone
•Measures electron density of a formation
•Strong function of formation bulk density
•Matrix bulk density varies with lithology
–Sandstone 2.65 g/cc
–Limestone 2.71 g/cc
–Dolomite 2.87 g/cc
POROSITY FROM DENSITY LOG
Porosity equation ma  b

ma   f
Fluid density equation
f  mf Sxo  h 1  Sxo 

We usually assume the fluid density (f) is between 1.0 and 1.1. If gas is present, the
actual f will be < 1.0 and the calculated porosity will be too high.
mf is the mud filtrate density, g/cc
h is the hydrocarbon density, g/cc
Sxo is the saturation of the flush/zone, decimal
 DENSITY LOGS
Working equation (hydrocarbon zone)
b   S xo mf   1  S xo  hc

 Vsh  sh  1    Vsh  ma

b = Recorded parameter (bulk volume)

 Sxo mf = Mud filtrate component
 (1 - Sxo) hc = Hydrocarbon component
Vsh sh = Shale component
1 -  - Vsh = Matrix component
 DENSITY LOGS
 If minimal shale, Vsh  0
 If hc  mf  f, then
 b =  f - (1 - ) ma
ma  b
  d 
ma   f
d = Porosity from density log, fraction
ma = Density of formation matrix, g/cm3
b = Bulk density from log measurement, g/cm3
f = Density of fluid in rock pores, g/cm3
hc = Density of hydrocarbons in rock pores, g/cm3
mf = Density of mud filtrate, g/cm3
sh = Density of shale, g/cm3
Vsh = Volume of shale, fraction
Sxo = Mud filtrate saturation in zone invaded by mud filtrate, fraction
 BULK DENSITY
LOG
001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15
ACAL MLLCF
6 16 0.2 200
RHOC
10700
1.95 2.95

10800

Bulk Density
10900
Log
 NEUTRON LOG

 Logging tool emits high energy

neutrons into formation
 Neutrons collide with nuclei of
formation’s atoms
 Neutrons lose energy (velocity) with
each collision
 NEUTRON LOG

 The most energy is lost when colliding

with a hydrogen atom nucleus
 Neutrons are slowed sufficiently to be
captured by nuclei
 Capturing nuclei become excited and
emit gamma rays
 NEUTRON LOG
 Depending on type of logging tool either gamma
rays or non-captured neutrons are recorded
 Log records porosity based on neutrons
captured by formation
 If hydrogen is in pore space, porosity is related
to the ratio of neutrons emitted to those counted
as captured
 Neutron log reports porosity, calibrated
assuming calcite matrix and fresh water in pores,
if these assumptions are invalid we must correct
the neutron porosity value
 NEUTRON LOG
Theoretical equation
N   S xo Nmf   1 S xo  Nhc

 Vsh  sh  1    Vsh  Nma

N = Recorded parameter Nma = Porosity of matrix fraction

 Sxo Nmf = Mud filtrate portion Nhc = Porosity of formation saturated with
 (1 - Sxo) Nhc = Hydrocarbon portion hydrocarbon fluid, fraction
Vsh Nsh = Shale portion Nmf = Porosity saturated with mud filtrate, fraction
(1 -  - Vsh) Nhc = Matrix portion where  = True Vsh = Volume of shale, fraction
porosity of rock Sxo = Mud filtrate saturation in zone invaded
N = Porosity from neutron log measurement, fraction by mud filtrate, fraction
POROSITY FROM NEUTRON LOG
001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15
ACAL MLLCF
6 16 0.2 200
CNLLC
10700
0.45 -0.15

10800

Neutron
10900
Log
ACOUSTIC (SONIC) LOG

• Tool usually consists of

one sound transmitter
(above) and two receivers
(below)
Upper
• Sound is generated,
transmitter
travels through formation
R1 • Elapsed time between
R2 sound wave at receiver 1
R3 vs receiver 2 is dependent
R4 upon density of medium
through which the sound
traveled
Lower
transmitter
 Compressional Rayleigh
waves waves Mud waves

E3
E1

T0 E2

50
sec
COMMON LITHOLOGY
MATRIX
TRAVEL TIMES USED

Lithology Typical Matrix Travel

Time, tma, sec/ft
Sandstone 55.5
Limestone 47.5
Dolomite 43.5
Anydridte 50.0
Salt 66.7
 ACOUSTIC (SONIC) LOG
Working equation
t L   S xo t mf   1  S xo  t hc

 Vsh t sh  1    Vsh  t ma

tL = Recorded parameter, travel time read from log

 Sxo tmf = Mud filtrate portion
 (1 - Sxo) thc = Hydrocarbon portion
Vsh tsh = Shale portion
(1 -  - Vsh) tma = Matrix portion
 ACOUSTIC (SONIC) LOG
 If Vsh = 0 and if hydrocarbon is
liquid (i.e. tmf  tf), then

 tL =  tf + (1 - ) tma

or
tL  t ma
s   
t f  t ma
s = Porosity calculated from sonic log reading, fraction
tL = Travel time reading from log, microseconds/ft
tma = Travel time in matrix, microseconds/ft
tf = Travel time in fluid, microseconds/ ft
ACOUSTIC (SONIC) LOG
GR DT
0 API 200 140 USFT 40
CALIX SPHI
6 IN 16 30 % 10

4100

Sonic travel time

Gamma
Ray

Sonic
porosity

4200

Caliper
 SONIC LOG
The response can be written as follows:

t log  t ma 1    t f 

tlog  t ma

t f  t ma

tlog = log reading, sec/ft

tma = the matrix travel time, sec/ft
tf = the fluid travel time, sec/ft
 = porosity
 SONIC LOG
001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15
ACAL MLLCF
6 16 0.2 200
DT
10700
150 us/f 50

10800

Sonic
Log

10900
EXAMPLE

Calculating Rock Porosity

Using an Acoustic Log
Calculate the porosity for the following intervals. The measured travel times from the
log are summarized in the following table.

At depth of 10,820’, accoustic log reads travel time of 65 s/ft.

Calculate porosity. Does this value agree with density and neutron
logs?
Assume a matrix travel time, tm = 51.6 sec/ft. In addition, assume the formation is
saturated with water having a tf = 189.0 sec/ft.
EXAMPLE SOLUTION SONIC LOG
001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC SPHI
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15 45 ss -15
ACAL MLLCF
6 16 0.2 200
10700

10800

SPHI

10900
FACTORS AFFECTING SONIC
LOG RESPONSE

 Unconsolidated formations
 Naturally fractured formations
 Hydrocarbons (especially gas)
 Rugose salt sections
RESPONSES OF POROSITY
LOGS

The three porosity logs:

 Respond differently to different matrix
compositions
 Respond differently to presence of gas or
light oils
Combinations of logs can:
 Imply composition of matrix
 Indicate the type of hydrocarbon in pores
 GAS
EFFECT
 Density -  is too high
 Neutron -  is too low
 Sonic -  is not significantly
affected by gas
ESTIMATING POROSITY
FROM
WELL LOGS
Openhole logging tools are the most common method
of determining porosity:
• Less expensive than coring and may be less
risk of sticking the tool in the hole
• Coring may not be practical in unconsolidated
formations or in formations with high secondary
porosity such as vugs or natural fractures.
If porosity measurements are very important, both
coring and logging programs may be conducted so
the log-based porosity calculations can be used to
calibrated to the core-based porosity measurements.
Influence Of Clay-Mineral Distribution
On Effective Porosity
Dispersed Clay e Clay
Minerals
• Pore-filling
• Pore-lining
• Pore-bridging Detrital Quartz
Grains

e
e
Clay Lamination

Structural Clay ee

(Rock Fragments,
Rip-Up Clasts,
Clay-Replaced Grains)
GEOLOGICAL AND PETROPHYSICAL
DATA USED TO DEFINE FLOW UNITS

Core Pore Petrophysical

vs k Capillary Gamma Ray Flow
Core Lithofacies Pressure
Plugs Types Data Log Units

1
 Schematic Reservoir Layering Profile
in a Carbonate Reservoir
Flow unit
Baffles/barriers

SA -97A SA -356 SA -71 SA -344 SA -348 SA -37

SA -251 SA -371 SA -346

3150 3150 3100 3100 3250

3200 3150
3100
3200
3150
3200 3200 3150 3300
3250 3200
3150

3250
3250 3250 3200 3250
3300 3250

3200

3300 3300 3250

3350 3300

3250

3350 3350

From Bastian and others