Solids and Fluids

States of matter: Phase Transitions

ICE WATER STEAM

(Solid) (Liquid) (Gas)

Add Add
heat heat

These are three states of matter (plasma is another one)

 States of Matter

► Solid
 Has definite volume
 Has definite shape
 Molecules are held in specific
location by electrical forces and
vibrate about equilibrium positions
 Can be modeled as springs
connecting molecules

► Liquid
► Gas
► Plasma
 States of Matter

► Solid
 Crystalline solid
 Atoms have an ordered structure
 Example is salt (red spheres are Na+
ions, blue spheres represent Cl- ions)

 Amorphous Solid
 Atoms are arranged randomly
 Examples include glass

► Liquid
► Gas
► Plasma
 States of Matter

► Solid
► Liquid
 Has a definite volume
 No definite shape
 Exist at a higher temperature than solids
 The molecules “wander” through the
liquid in a random fashion
 The intermolecular forces are not
strong enough to keep the
molecules in a fixed position
► Gas
► Plasma
 States of Matter

► Solid
► Liquid
► Gas
 Has no definite volume
 Has no definite shape
 Molecules are in constant random motion
 The molecules exert only weak forces on each other
 Average distance between molecules is large
compared to the size of the molecules

► Plasma
 States of Matter
► Solid
► Liquid
► Gas
► Plasma

 Matter heated to a very high temperature

 Many of the electrons are freed from the nucleus
 Result is a collection of free, electrically charged ions
 Plasmas exist inside stars or experimental reactors or
fluorescent light bulbs!
 Density
► The density of a substance of uniform composition is
defined as its mass per unit volume: 4
Vsphere   R 3
3
m
 some examples: Vcylinder   R 2 h
V Vcube  a 3

► The densities of most liquids and solids vary slightly

with changes in temperature and pressure
► Densities of gases vary greatly with changes in
temperature and pressure (and generally 1000 smaller)

Units
SI kg/m3
CGS g/cm3 (1 g/cm3=1000 kg/m3 )
 Pressure
► Pressure of fluid is the ratio
of the force exerted by a
fluid on a submerged object
to area

F
P
A

Units
SI Pascal (Pa=N/m2)

Example: 100 N over 1 m2 is P=(100 N)/(1 m2)=100 N/m2=100 Pa.

Definisi Tekanan ( P ) :
Besarnya tekanan di suatu titik adalah sebagai
perbandingan gaya dF pada elemen seluas dA
dF
P atau dF  P dA
hampa dA

1 Atm = 760 Torr = 76 Cm Hg

= 76 x 13.6 x 103 dyne
76 Cm Hg /cm2
= 101325 N/m2
1 Bar = 105 N/m2
= 105 Pa
g = 9,80665 m/s2
Hg
Pressure and Depth
► If a fluid is at rest in a container,
all portions of the fluid must be in
static equilibrium
► All points at the same depth must
be at the same pressure
(otherwise, the fluid would not be
in equilibrium)
► Three external forces act on the
region of a cross-sectional area A

External forces: atmospheric, weight, normal

F  0  PA  Mg  P0 A  0,
P  P0   gh
but : M   V   Ah, so : PA  P0 A   Agh
 Question 1
You are measuring the pressure at the depth of 10 cm in three
different containers. Rank the values of pressure from the
greatest to the smallest:

1. 1-2-3
2. 2-1-3
3. 3-2-1
4. It’s the same in all three

10 cm

1 2 3
 Pressure and Depth equation
P  Po  gh
► Pois normal
atmospheric pressure
 1.013 x 105 Pa = 14.7 lb/in2

► The pressure does not

depend upon the
shape of the container

 Other units of pressure:

76.0 cm of mercury
One atmosphere 1 atm = 1.013 x 105 Pa
14.7 lb/in2
 Example: Find pressure at 100 m below ocean surface.

Given:

masses: h=100 m
P  P0   H 2O gh, so
P  9.8 105 Pa  103 kg m3 9.8 m s 2 100 m 
 106 Pa 10  atmospheri c pressure  
Find:

P=?
 Pascal’s Principle

► A change in pressure applied to

an enclosed fluid is transmitted
undiminished to every point of
the fluid and to the walls of the
container.
► The hydraulic press is an
important application of
Pascal’s Principle
F1 F2
P 
A1 A2
► Also used in hydraulic brakes,
Since A2>A1, then F2>F1 !!!
forklifts, car lifts, etc.
 Measuring Pressure

 One end of the U-shaped tube  A long closed tube is

► The spring is calibrated by a is open to the atmosphere
known force
 The other end is connected to
► The force the fluid exerts on the pressure to be measured
the piston is then measured
 Pressure at B is Po+ρgh 
filled with mercury and
inverted in a dish of
mercury
Measures atmospheric
pressure as ρgh
 Gravitational force p1 p2
and mass density of
fluid
 Low pressure (bellow
2 atmosphere)
h

p1  p2  gh
How would you measure blood pressure?

Has to be: (a) accurate

(b) non-invasive
(c) simple

sphygmomanometer
Buoyant Force
 This force is called the buoyant force.
 What is the magnitude of that force?

F  B  P2  P1 A, but :

P1 A
P2  P1   gh, so :
B  P1   gh  P1 A   fluid ghA   fluid gV !

mg

P2 A
 Buoyant Force
► The magnitude of the buoyant force always equals
the weight of the displaced fluid

B   fluidVg  w fluid
► The buoyant force is the same for a totally
submerged object of any size, shape, or density
► The buoyant force is exerted by the fluid
► Whether an object sinks or floats depends on the
relationship between the buoyant force and the
weight
 Archimedes' Principle

Any object completely or partially

submerged in a fluid is buoyed up
by a force whose magnitude is equal
to the weight of the fluid displaced
by the object.

This force is buoyant force.

Physical cause: pressure difference between the top and the bottom of the object
 Archimedes’ Principle:
Totally Submerged Object
► The upward buoyant force is B=ρfluidgVobj
► The downward gravitational force is w=mg=ρobjgVobj
► The net force is B-w=(ρfluid-ρobj)gVobj

Depending on the direction

of the net force, the object
will either float up or sink!
 The net force is B-w=(ρfluid-ρobj)gVobj

► The object is less dense  The object is more dense

than the fluid ρfluid<ρobj than the fluid ρfluid>ρobj
► The object experiences  The net force is downward,
a net upward force so the object accelerates
downward
 Archimedes’ Principle:
Floating Object
► The object is in static equilibrium
► The upward buoyant force is
balanced by the downward force of
gravity
► Volume of the fluid displaced
corresponds to the volume of the
object beneath the fluid level

 obj V fluid
If B  mg :  fluid gV fluid   object gVobject , or 
 fluid Vobj
Contoh :
Sebuah benda ditimbangan gantung (a), massanya 1 kg, Volumenya 0,3
liter. Kemudian ia dibenamkan dalam air (b). Bila air = 1 gr/cm3 dan g =
9,8 m/s2
Hitung besar gaya tegang tali ( T2 = ? )

D
Diketahui : M = 1000 gr , VM = 300 cm3 , air = 1 gr/cm3
g = 9,8 m/s2
Hitung : ( T2 = ? )
Jawab :

Sistem dalam keadaan setimbang, berlaku :

F = 0 dan  = 0  di D : D = 0
T1 = Mg  Mg = T2 + B ; ( B = Gaya Archimedes)
B = VM air g = 300 cm3 x 1 gr/cm3 x 9,8 m/s2
= 2940 gr m/s2 = 2,94 N
T2 = Mg – B = 1000 gr x 9,8 m/s2 - 2,94 N
= 9,8 kg m/s2 - 2,94 N
= 6,86 N.
Pengertian Fluida :
Fuida atau zat alir adalah zat yang dapat mengalir.
Jarak antar partikel di dalam fuida tidak tetap,
sehingga pergeseran antar molekul sangat mudah,
akibatnya bentuknya cepat berubah.  zat cair
dan zat gas.
Zat Cair :
Jarak antar partikel relatif tetap, hingga Volume
relatif tidak berubah karena Tekanan.
Sasbel :
Dapat menghitung Perubahan tekanan dalam Zat
Cair akibat adanya perubahan Kecepatan alir.
 Fluids in Motion:
Streamline Flow
► Streamline flow
 every particle that passes a particular point moves
exactly along the smooth path followed by
particles that passed the point earlier
 also called laminar flow

► Streamline is the path

 different streamlines cannot cross each other
 the streamline at any point coincides with the
direction of fluid velocity at that point
 Fluids in Motion:
Turbulent Flow
► The flow becomes irregular
 exceeds a certain velocity
 any condition that causes abrupt changes in
velocity

► Eddy currents are a characteristic of

turbulent flow
 Fluid Flow: Viscosity
► Viscosity is the degree of internal friction in
the fluid
► The internal friction is associated with the
resistance between two adjacent layers of
the fluid moving relative to each other
 Characteristics of an Ideal Fluid
► The fluid is nonviscous
 There is no internal friction between adjacent layers

► The fluid is incompressible

 Its density is constant

► The fluid is steady

 Its velocity, density and pressure do not change in time

► The fluid moves without turbulence

 No eddy currents are present
 Equation of Continuity

► A1v1 = A2v2
► The product of the cross-
sectional area of a pipe
and the fluid speed is a
constant
 Speed is high where the
pipe is narrow and speed
is low where the pipe has
a large diameter

► Av is called the flow rate

 Bernoulli’s Equation
► Relates pressure to fluid speed and elevation
► Bernoulli’s equation is a consequence of Conservation
of Energy applied to an ideal fluid
► Assumes the fluid is incompressible and nonviscous,
and flows in a nonturbulent, steady-state manner
► States that the sum of the pressure, kinetic energy
per unit volume, and the potential energy per unit
volume has the same value at all points along a
streamline
1 2
P  v  gy  constant
2
 Persamaan Bernoulli
Sifat alirannya dalam persamaan ini adalah :
 Mantap
 Tak kompresibel
 Encer
Δm

U1  Ek1  EP1  U 2  Ek 2  EP 2
 1 1
F1x1  (m)v1  (m) gy1  2 2 (m)v22  (m) gy2
2
F x 
2 2
1 1
P1 A1x1  (m)v1  (m) gy1  P2 A2 x2  (m)v22  (m) gy2
2

Volume 2 2
1 1
P1 (V )1  (m)v1  (m) gy1  P2 (V ) 2  (m)v22  (m) gy2
2

2 2
P1  12 v12  gy1  P2  12 v22  gy2

  m V
P  v  gy  tetap.
1
2
2

Bernoulli equation : the sum of the pressure, (P) the kinetic energy
per unit volume (1/2  v2) and potential energy per unit volume has
the same value at all points along a streamline
 How to measure the speed of the fluid
flow: Venturi Meter
► Shows fluid flowing
through a horizontal
constricted pipe
► Speed changes as
diameter changes
► Swiftly moving fluids exert
less pressure than do
slowly moving fluids
 Venturi Meter
► Continuity equation

V1 A1 V2 A2  Q
► Bernoulli
2 2
V p1 V p2
1
  U1  2
U 2
2  2 
 Venturi Meter

Arah aliran

Q
A1 A2 2
p 1  p 2  m 3s 1
Pengukur beda tekanan
A 1
2
 A22  

2p 1  p 2  3 1
Q  A2
 1   
4
m s

A2
 V2  A1
2(P1  P2 )
A1 (A12  A 22 )
Hukum Torricelli
Pada kasus ini, A2 >> A1
Hingga  A2 ~ 0

P1  12 v12  gy1  P0  gy2

2( P1  P0 )
V1   2 gh

Case of
P1 - P0 =  g h  V1 = 2 g h
Orifice (Obstruction meter)
Pengukur beda tekanan

Aliran fluida

Fluida diam
Rotatometer
► Gravitational force and
buoyancy
► If the buoyancy is still, the
net force to the buoyancy
Penunjuk mengapung is equal zero
► Buoyancy position is
change again the fluid
flow
 Pengukur beda tekanan

Aliran fluida

Fluida diam

Pengukur beda tekanan

 Tugas !!!
Group : Soal No : Group : Soal No :
I 14.18 & 36 VIII 14.32 & 49
II 14.38 & 67 IX 14.29 & 50
III 14.40 & 71 X 14.28 & 58
IV 14.43 & 72 XI 14.62 & 63
V 14.07 & 47 XII 14.23 & 64
VI 14.10 & 81 XIII 14.20 & 24
VII 14.16 & 48 XIV 14.65 & 66

Holliday hal : 379 to 385

See You Next Week

Prepare for :
Head
 Kapilarity
Pada permukaan kontak antara fase padat, gas
dan cair masing-masing mempunyai tegangan
permukaan.

pu
uc pg – tegangan permukaan selaput padat gas
pc – tegangan permukaan selaput padat cair
pc gc – tegangan permukaan selaput gas cair

Jika zat cair ditempatkan di dalam suatu tabung pipa kapiler,

maka pada bagian dinding zat cair akan terjadi kelengkungan
yang besarnya tergantung pada perbedaan antara pg dan pc
 pu 
pu pu

uc uc uc

pc pc pc

I II III

I. Terjadi untuk 0o <  < 90o. Dalam kasus ini zat cair cenderung
membasahi dinding pipa kapiler, akibatnya Zat cair cenderung bergerak
ke atas.
II. Terjadi untuk 90o <  < 180o. Dalam kasus ini zat cair
cenderung tidak membasahi dinding pipa kapiler.
III. Terjadi untuk  = 90o.
 Seberapa tinggi permukaan zat cair dapat masuk ke dalam tabung kapiler
tinggi dapat dihitung sbb :

Jika tabung berjari-jari r, maka zat

2r cair yang bersentuhan dengan tabung
F adalah sepanjang lingkaran = 2  r.
y maka gaya total keatas akibat selaput
permukaan cair gas dari zat cair ini, adalah :


W
F = 2  r cu cos 

Sedangkan gaya ke bawah adalah gaya berat yang besarnya :

W = m g =  V g =  A y g =   r2 y g
Keadaan setimbang  F = W  2  r cu cos  =   r2 y g

2  cu cos 
y
gr