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Puskar Raj Bist

Level: Bachelor Degree

Subject: Higher Algebra
Chapter: Group Theory
Lesson title: Definition of Group
 Quick review:
 Binary operation:
An operation that combines two elements of a set to
generate or produce another element of the same set is
described as a binary operation in the given set. It is also
known as binary composition.
 Set of integers, Z; set of Real numbers, R.
 Algebraic structure: A non empty set G on which one or
more binary operations are defined is called an algebraic
structure.
 For instance:(N,+), (I,+),(R,+,-).
Properties of Algebraic structure
Closure law
Associative law
Identity law
Inverse law
Commutative law
Test the example of the residue class of modulo 5 ie
Z5={0, 1, 2, 3, 4}under addition and multiplication
NOW, WE CAN DEFINE A GROUP AS:

A non-empty set G together with any binary operation ‘o’ is said

to be a group if it has following properties:
I. Closure: for all a, b ∈ G then 𝑎𝑜𝑏 ∈ G
II. Identity: for all a ∈G, ∃ an element e in G such that
𝑎𝑜𝑒 = 𝑒𝑜𝑎 = 𝑎.
III. Associative: for all a, b, c ∈ G then 𝑎𝑜𝑏 𝑜𝑐 = 𝑎𝑜 𝑏𝑜𝑐 .
IV. Inverse: for each element a∈ G then ∃ an element b ∈ G
such that 𝑎𝑜𝑏 = 𝑏𝑜𝑎 = 𝑒, where the element b is said to be
an inverse element of a, and generally it is written as b = a-1
.
Note: it is denoted by (G, o) and read as G is group with respect
to an operation ‘o’.
For instance, the set of integers, Z, is group with respect to
addition operation.
How?
 And your job is to:
a. Test the set of integer, Z, is group or not with respect
to multiplication operation. And why?
b. Prove set of real number, R, is group with respect to
both addition and but not w.r.t multiplication
operation. Why?
c. Check out that set of natural numbers, N, is whether
group or not with respect to multiplication operation.
d. Check out, the set of rational numbers is group or not
w.r.t. addition operation.
 Thank you
For your attention