Power Generation

using Front end Heliostat

PROJECT SUPERVISOR:
MR. TARIQ MAHMOOD
GROUP MEMBERS:
Muhammad MUDASSAR (130401063)
ASAD RASHEED (130401067)
Contents:
 Introduction
 Main Components
 Objectives
 Applications
 General Diagram
 Proposed Structure
 Measurement of Parameters
 Driver Circuit
 Position of the Sun
 Reflection Mechanism
 Flow Chart
 Software
 Future Improvements
 Significance
 Conclusion
 References
Introduction:
Heliostat is a computer controlled device which keeps reflecting the sunlight
onto a specific target as the sun move across the sky. When multiple mirrors
reflected sunlight onto a target, heat will produce and that heat can be used
for different purposes.

www.cspworld.org/cspworldmap/solar-one
Main Components:

1. The Drive: Two motors enable heliostat to move in two axes

2. The reflector module: It Consist of mirrored glass and metal frame

3. The structure: The structure provides a rigid, sturdy base for the heliostat to
the ground

4. Control Panel: Control Panel is a programmed circuitry which control the

Heliostat movement in dual axis
Objectives:

• Low cost

• Greater Efficiency

• Maximum reflection

• Healthy environment
Application:

• Producing steam to generate electricity

• Lighting

• Water heating

• Desalination (Evaporating salt water to make fresh water)

General Diagram:
Proposed Structure:
Measurement of Parameters:
 Required Initial Torque:
We find the required torque for the rotational motion of the mirror along vertical and
horizontal axis.
τ=rxF
 Required torque for vertical movement: 1
r=26inch=26X0.0254=0.6604m
w=m=4kg
F=mg=(4)(9.81)=39.24N
τ = rXF = 0.6604 39.24 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟗𝟏𝟒𝐍𝐦
2
 Required torque for Horizontal movement:
r=20.8inch=20.8X0.0254=0.5283m
w=m=1.5kg
F=mg=(1.5)(9.81)=14.715N
τ = rXF = 0.5283 14.715 = 𝟕. 𝟕𝟕𝟒𝐍𝐦

www.rerock.com/concept.htm
Rotary motion vs Linear motion:

 As the step angle of our motor is 1.80 so to rotate the motor one revolution
𝟑𝟔𝟎
we need 𝟏.𝟖 = 200 steps.

 First, we give the pulses through function generator directly and note that
motor move 1.5mm linear distance corresponding to one revolution.

 Then we use microcontroller Pic16f877A to give pulses and again note the
linear distance which was same 1.5mm.
Drive circuit:
We study various drive circuits which can increase current and then select
L298 IC. It is a dual H-bridge IC which can give up to 2A load current. It need
two supply voltages, one for itself which is 5V and second for the motor which
can be 3-45V
Position of the Sun:

Position of the sun depend upon two key angles i.e. azimuth angle and
elevation angle. So, to find the sun position we must know these two angles
throughout the day.

o Elevation Angle

o Azimuth Angle

www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/motion-sun
 Continue….
1. Local Standard Time Meridian (LSTM): 3. Time correction Factor(TCF)
It is the reference meridian utilized for a To cater the Local solar time variation
specific time zone
within provided time zone because of the
LSTM = 150 ∆TGMT longitude changes we need Time
Where ∆TGMT is the time difference between correction Factor.
Local time and Greenwich Mean time in 𝐓𝐂𝐅 = 𝟒 𝑳𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆 − 𝐋𝐒𝐓𝐌 + 𝐄𝐨𝐓
hours.
So the Solar time can be found by using
2. Equation of time(EoT): 𝐓𝐂𝐅
𝐋𝐒𝐓 = 𝐋𝐓 +
As the axis of the earth is tilted, to correct this 𝟔𝟎
we need another equation known as
Equation of time (EoT) i.e.
4. Hour Angle (HRA):
𝐄𝐨𝐓 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟕𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝐁 − 𝟕. 𝟓𝟑𝐂𝐨𝐬 𝐁 − 𝟏. 𝟓𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝐁 Transform Local Solar time into degrees
which the sun travels through the sky.
𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝐇𝐑𝐀 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 (𝑳𝑺𝑻 − 𝟏𝟐)
Where 𝐁=
𝟑𝟔𝟓
(𝒅 − 𝟖𝟏)
 Continue…

5. Declination Angle (δ): 6. Elevation Angle (α):

The declination angle is the angle
between the line drawn from earth Centre 𝛂 = 𝐒𝐢𝐧−𝟏 [𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝛅 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝛗 + 𝐂𝐨𝐬 𝛅 𝐂𝐨𝐬 𝛗 𝐂𝐨𝐬(𝐇𝐑𝐀)
to the sun’s Centre and the equator. Where
• =Declination Angle
𝟑𝟔𝟎
𝛅 = −𝟐𝟑. 𝟒𝟓𝟎 ∗ 𝐂𝐨𝐬( ∗ (𝐝 + 𝟏𝟎)) • =Latitude
𝟑𝟔𝟓

7. Azimuth Angle:

𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝛅 𝐂𝐨𝐬 𝛗 − 𝐂𝐨𝐬 𝛅 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝛗 𝐂𝐨𝐬(𝐇𝐑𝐀)

𝐀𝐳𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐭𝒉 = 𝐂𝐨𝐬−𝟏 [
𝐂𝐎𝐒(𝛂)

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Calculated Sun Position Values:

We find the sun position in three different ways and then compare results with
each other.

1. First, we find by using mobile application “SunMoonCal”

2. Second, we find through online Calculator

3. Third, we find by using above equations

Azimuth and Elevation angles calculated
through equation
Azimuth and Elevation angles through Online
Calculator and Mobile Application
Comparison of Results
Reflection Mechanism:
Law of reflection which state that “Incident angle is equal to the angle of
reflection”.

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Condition:
Mirror will reflect light onto desired target if and only if the normal of the mirror
is exactly at the Centre of the sun and receiver.
Continue…
Reference Point:

Mirror should move w.r.t a reference point to keep the normal in between sun
and target.

• First it will move along Y-axis and reach reference switch known as Elevation
Limit Switch

• Second it will move along X-axis and reach reference switch called
Azimuth Limit Switch
Flow Chart
Software:
Software which we use in our project are as follows

• Proteous

• AREAS

• MPLAB

• CCS Compiler

• MATLAB
Simulation Schematic
Future Improvements:

• Future efforts could be made for more rigid and steady structure of the
heliostat so that it can bear the high wind loads

• Alternative method can be used instead of Steam turbine to generate

Power

• Use wireless system to control mirror movement to reduce cost and

complexity

• Use other designs of azimuth drivers, for example a worm gear drive or
planetary gear drives for better results
Significance:

• When the sun is shining, each Practical Solar heliostat provides 600 watts
(0.6 kW) of thermal energy

• Solar heliostat provides much visible light as forty 100-watt light bulbs
concentrated on a one-square-meter surface

• It works for 24-hours while solar plates generate electricity only during
daytime
 Conclusion

• Solar electricity generation is one of the cheapest and easy source of

energy. As we use inexpensive electronics and light weight material to
design mechanical components.

• Our algorithm is accurate enough having error less than 0.50. Our heliostat
can replace the sun trackers which used sensors with high accuracy, high
power efficiency and much more durable.
 References:

1. N. Björkman, “Heliostat Design,” pp. 1–156, 2014.

2. D. Areas, “Solar Lighting System for Dark Areas,” no. June, 2016.
3. Y. T. Chen and R. Buck, “Comparison of Two Sun Tracking Heliostat Field,” vol. 126
4. G. Kolb et al., “Heliostat Cost Reduction,” pp. 1–2.
5. H. Cost, R. Opportunities, O. H. Design, T. R. Module, T. H. Frame, and T. F. Layout, “Creation of a
Bact.”
6. H. Field et al., “RE < C : Heliostat Control and Targeting.”
7. K. J. Malan, “A Heliostat Field Control System,” 2014.
8. T. R. Mancini, “Catalog of Solar Heliostats,” no. Iii, p. 35, 2000.
9. P. Ricklin, M. Slack, D. Rogers, and R. Huibregtse, “Commercial readiness of eSolar next generation
heliostat,” .
10.http://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/2-properties-sunlight/motion-sun